Ophthalmic lenses and their manufacture by in-mold modification

ABSTRACT

Provided is a method for forming an ophthalmic lens as well as a lens formed by such method. The method includes the curing of a reactive monomer mixture within a mold assembly under conditions to permit incorporation of functional features into selective portions of the ophthalmic lens.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Pat. Application Serial No. 63/249,643, filed Sep. 29, 2021, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to the field of ophthalmic lenses, and more specifically to new and improved methods for imparting various properties and attributes into ophthalmic lenses formed using cast molding techniques.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The use of ophthalmic lenses to correct vision is common in today’s world. The traditional and most common method for making soft contact lenses is via cast molding techniques, where a polymerizable liquid is placed between two mold halves that together form the shape of the desired lens, and the entirety of the liquid is cured between the mold halves. The lens is then removed from the mold, and certain post processing steps are taken.

More recently, a new system and method for manufacturing contact lenses has been disclosed in which an infinite number of truly custom lenses can readily be produced in a cost-effective manner. U.S. Pat. No. 8,317,505, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, discloses a method for growing a “Lens Precursor Form” on a single male mold or optical mandrel on a Voxel by Voxel basis by selectively projecting actinic radiation through the optic mandrel and into a vat or bath of a photocurable reactive monomer mixture. The optical mandrel and Lens Precursor Form are then removed from the vat and inverted so that the convex surface of the optic mandrel is upright. Following a dwell period during which uncured residual liquid from the bath that remains on the Lens Precursor Form flows under gravity or otherwise over the Lens Precursor Form, the remaining liquid is then cured by applying a fixing radiation to form the final lens. As described therein, the system utilizes a single mold rather than two mold halves as in traditional cast molding and allows a truly custom lens to be produced by simply “re-programming” the software instructions rather than changing equipment or parts.

As described in the ‘505 patent, the actinic radiation is projected through the male mold and into the reactive mixture at an array of distinct locations, each of which is selectively controllable, to selectively cure the reactive mixture to a pre-determined depth at any point within the array (on a “voxel by voxel basis”), thereby “growing” the lens from the convex side of the male mold. The term “Voxel” as used herein is the same as in the ′505 patent, and refers to a volume element, representing a value on a regular grid in three-dimensional space. A Voxel can be viewed as a three-dimensional pixel, with each Voxel being associated with a particular point in the selectively controllable array.

While the ′505 represents a significant advance in lens manufacturing capabilities, further developments are still needed to, for instance, expand the options for making customizable lenses that incorporate functional features to further enhance a lens wearer’s experience.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention leverages the technology described in detail in the ‘505 patent for new systems, methods, and compositions for spatially incorporating functional moieties, geometries and/or physical properties into an ophthalmic lens that is made via cast molding. The invention has particular application for spatially controlling and imparting a variety of properties into a lens made via cast molding without costly process modifications. The invention enables, for instance, imparting a variety of refractive index properties into a lens and providing personalized patient solutions for conditions such as presbyopia. The invention herein also enables spatial incorporation of dyes within an ophthalmic lens for the creation of lenses having general or custom apodization features that improve a patient’s vision, or the incorporation of beauty or other visible features or designs into the lens.

Thus, in one aspect, the invention provides a method for forming an ophthalmic lens. The method comprises: (a) providing a mold assembly comprised of a base curve and a front curve, the base curve and the front curve defining and enclosing a cavity therebetween, the cavity containing a reactive monomer mixture, wherein the reactive monomer mixture comprises a monomer suitable for making the ophthalmic lens, a first polymerization initiator that is capable of being activated at a first wavelength, a first functional moiety chemically linked to the first polymerization initiator, and a second polymerization initiator that is capable of being activated by a second activation that does not substantially activate the first polymerization initiator, wherein at least one of the base curve or front curve is light transmissive; (b) exposing one or more selective regions of the reactive monomer mixture to a source of actinic radiation at the first wavelength to thereby selectively polymerize a portion of the reactive monomer mixture, wherein the selectively polymerized portion incorporates the first functional moiety; (c) exposing the reactive monomer mixture to the second activation to activate the second polymerization initiator and cure the reactive monomer mixture; (d) removing the ophthalmic lens from the mold assembly; and (e) extracting unreacted first polymerization initiator from the ophthalmic lens.

In another aspect, the invention provides a reactive monomer mixture for making an ophthalmic lens. The reactive monomer mixture comprises: a monomer suitable for making the ophthalmic lens; a first polymerization initiator capable of being activated at a first wavelength; a first functional moiety chemically linked to the first polymerization initiator; and a second polymerization initiator that is capable of being activated by a second activation that does not substantially activate the first polymerization initiator.

In a still further aspect, the invention provides a polymerization initiator having a functional moieties linked to it, as described, for instance, in Table A.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art apparatus for forming a custom contact lens;

FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of the forming optic portion of the prior art apparatus of FIG. 1 ;

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary cure apparatus including a cast mold in an exposure jig that may be used to form a lens in accordance with the system and method described herein.

FIG. 4 shows the 500 MHz ¹H-NMR spectrum of MAPO-PVP in deuterium oxide.

FIG. 5 shows SEC-MALS chromatograms of MAPO-PVP, PVP K30, and PVP K12.

FIG. 6 shows the 500 MHz ¹H-NMR spectrum of MAPO-PDMA in deuterated methanol.

FIG. 7 shows the UV-VIS spectra of PI-Dye 1 and PI-Dye2 in 0.2 mM solutions.

FIG. 8 shows the USAF 1951 test chart.

FIG. 9 shows the imparted USAF 1951 test chart image on a contact lens.

FIG. 10 shows the spherical/defocus and cylindrical projected images and measured wavefronts.

FIG. 11 shows apodised and pupil only images and the corresponding lenses.

FIG. 12 shows contact lens images as a function of energy and exposure time.

FIG. 13 shows apodised, pupil only, and Jack O’lantern images and corresponding lenses.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference.

Unless otherwise indicated, numeric ranges, for instance as in “from 2 to 10” or as in “between 2 and 10” are inclusive of the numbers defining the range (e.g., 2 and 10).

Unless otherwise indicated, ratios, percentages, parts, and the like are by weight.

The phrase “number average molecular weight” refers to the number average molecular weight (M_(n)) of a sample; the phrase “weight average molecular weight” refers to the weight average molecular weight (M_(w)) of a sample; the phrase “polydispersity index” (PDI) refers to the ratio of M_(w) divided by M_(n) and describes the molecular weight distribution of a sample. If the type of “molecular weight” is not indicated or is not apparent from the context, then it is intended to refer to number average molecular weight.

As used herein, the term “about” refers to a range of +/- 10 percent of the number that is being modified. For example, the phrase “about 10” would include both 9 and 11.

As used herein, the term “(meth)” designates optional methyl substitution. Thus, a term such as “(meth)acrylate” denotes both methacrylate and acrylate.

Wherever chemical structures are given, it should be appreciated that alternatives disclosed for the substituents on the structure may be combined in any combination. Thus, if a structure contained substituents R* and R**, each of which contained three lists of potential groups, 9 combinations are disclosed. The same applies for combinations of properties.

The average number of repeating units in a polymer sample is known as its “degree of polymerization.” When a generic chemical formula of a polymer sample, such as [***]_(n) is used, “n” refers to its degree of polymerization, and the formula shall be interpreted to represent the number average molecular weight of the polymer sample.

As used herein, the term “individual” includes humans and vertebrates.

As used herein, the term “ophthalmic device” refers to any device which resides in or on the eye or any part of the eye, including the ocular surface. These devices can provide optical correction, cosmetic enhancement, vision enhancement, therapeutic benefit (for example as bandages) or delivery of active components such as pharmaceutical and nutraceutical components, or a combination of any of the foregoing. Preferred ophthalmic devices are ophthalmic lenses, which include soft contact lenses, hard contact lenses (including rigid gas permeable lenses), hybrid contact lenses, intraocular lenses, and inlay and overlay lenses. The ophthalmic device preferably may comprise a contact lens.

As used herein, the term “contact lens” refers to an ophthalmic device that can be placed on the cornea of an individual’s eye. The contact lens may correct for refractive errors thereby improving vision, may absorb ultraviolet or visible light thereby providing protection or color enhancement, and may also provide cosmetic benefits such as changing the color and pattern of a wearer’s iris. A contact lens can be of any appropriate material known in the art and can be a soft lens, a hard lens, or a hybrid lens containing at least two distinct portions with different physical, mechanical, or optical properties, such as modulus, water content, light transmission, or combinations thereof.

The ophthalmic devices, ophthalmic lenses, and contact lenses of the invention may be comprised of silicone hydrogels. These silicone hydrogels typically contain at least one hydrophilic component and at least one silicone-containing component that are covalently bound to one another in the cured device. The ophthalmic devices, ophthalmic lenses and contact lenses of the invention may also be comprised of conventional hydrogels, or combination of conventional and silicone hydrogels.

A “macromolecule” is an organic compound having a number average molecular weight of greater than 1500 and may be reactive or non-reactive.

As used herein, the “target macromolecule” is the intended macromolecule being synthesized from the reactive composition comprising monomers, macromers, prepolymers, cross-linkers, initiators, additives, diluents, and the like.

As used herein, a “monomer” is a mono-functional molecule which can undergo chain growth polymerization, and in particular, free radical polymerization, thereby creating a repeating unit in the chemical structure of the target macromolecule. Some monomers have di-functional impurities that can act as cross-linking agents. A “hydrophilic monomer” is also a monomer which yields a clear single phase solution when mixed with deionized water at 25° C. at a concentration of 5 weight percent. A “hydrophilic component” is a monomer, macromer, prepolymer, initiator, cross-linker, additive, or polymer which yields a clear single phase solution when mixed with deionized water at 25° C. at a concentration of 5 weight percent. A hydrophilic component may contain at least one polymerizable group. A hydrophilic component may preferably consist of one polymerizable group.

As used herein, a “macromonomer” or “macromer” is a linear or branched macromolecule having at least one polymerizable group that can undergo chain growth polymerization, and in particular, free radical polymerization.

As used herein, the term “polymerizable” means that the compound comprises at least one polymerizable group. “Polymerizable groups” are groups that can undergo chain growth polymerization, such as free radical and/or cationic polymerization, for example a carbon-carbon double bond group which can polymerize when subjected to radical polymerization initiation conditions. Non-limiting examples of polymerizable groups include (meth)acrylates, styrenes, vinyl ethers, (meth)acrylamides, N-vinyllactams, N-vinylamides, O-vinylcarbamates, O-vinylcarbonates, and other vinyl groups. Preferably, the polymerizable groups comprise (meth)acrylates, (meth)acrylamides, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the polymerizable groups comprise (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylamide, N-vinyl lactam, N-vinylamide, styryl functional groups, or mixtures of any of the foregoing. The polymerizable group may be unsubstituted or substituted. For instance, the nitrogen atom in (meth)acrylamide may be bonded to a hydrogen, or the hydrogen may be replaced with alkyl or cycloalkyl (which themselves may be further substituted). In contrast to “polymerizable,” the term “non-polymerizable” means that the compound does not comprise such a free radical polymerizable group.

Examples of the foregoing include substituted or unsubstituted C₁-₆alkyl(meth)acrylates, C ₁-₆alkyl(meth)acrylamides, C₂-₁₂alkenyls, C₂-₁₂alkenylphenyls, C₂-₁₂alkenylnaphthyls, C₂-₆alkenylphenylC₁-₆alkyls, where suitable substituents on said C₁-₆ alkyls include ethers, hydroxyls, carboxyls, halogens and combinations thereof.

Any type of free radical polymerization may be used including but not limited to bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion as well as any of the controlled radical polymerization methods such as stable free radical polymerization, nitroxide-mediated living polymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization, reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, organotellurium mediated living radical polymerization, and the like.

In free radical polymerization, in the absence of chain transfer reactions, propagating chains may terminate by radical coupling or disproportionation. In coupling, two propagating chains simply combine to form a single bond, and the resulting polymer has end-groups composed of initiator fragments. In disproportionation, one propagating chain radical extracts a proton from another propagating chain, adjacent to its free radical, which in turn forms a terminal double bond. Chain transfer reactions may occur with any component in the reaction mixture, such as chain transfer to monomer, chain transfer to polymer which leads to branching, chain transfer to initiator, etc., as well as chain transfer to any intentionally added chain transfer agent to reduce and control the molecular weight. In most chain transfer reactions, the propagating chain extracts a proton from another molecule, thereby terminating chain growth and simultaneously creating another radical. The term “chain terminating group” refers to the chemical group that ends chain growth and becomes one end-group of the final polymer. In most cases, the chain terminating group is a proton, but others are known or thought to occur, such as chain transfer to a peroxide initiator in which the chain terminating group depends on the peroxide, for instance, in the case of benzoyl peroxide, the chain terminating group is benzoate.

As used herein, a “silicone-containing component” or “silicone component” is a monomer, macromer, prepolymer, cross-linker, initiator, additive, or polymer in the reactive composition with at least one silicon-oxygen bond, typically in the form of siloxy groups, siloxane groups, carbosiloxane groups, and mixtures thereof. Examples of silicone-containing components which are useful in this invention may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,808,178, 4,120,570, 4,136,250, 4,153,641, 4,740,533, 5,034,461, 5,070,215, 5,244,981, 5,314,960, 5,331,067, 5,371,147, 5,760,100, 5,849,811, 5,962,548, 5,965,631, 5,998,498, 6,367,929, 6,822,016, 6,943,203, 6,951,894, 7,052,131, 7,247,692, 7,396,890, 7,461,937, 7,468,398, 7,538,146, 7,553,880, 7,572,841, 7,666,921, 7,691,916, 7,786,185, 7,825,170, 7,915,323, 7,994,356, 8,022,158, 8,163,206, 8,273,802, 8,399,538, 8,415,404, 8,420,711, 8,450,387, 8,487,058, 8,568,626, 8,937,110, 8,937,111, 8,940,812, 8,980,972, 9,056,878, 9,125,808, 9,140,825, 9,156,934, 9,170,349, 9,217,813, 9,244,196, 9,244,197, 9,260,544, 9,297,928, 9,297,929, and European Patent No. 080539. These patents are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. A silicone-containing component may contain at least one polymerizable group. A silicone-containing component may preferably consist of one or two polymerizable groups.

A “polymer” is a target macromolecule composed of the repeating units of the monomers and macromers used during polymerization.

A “homopolymer” is a polymer made from one monomer; a “copolymer” is a polymer made from two or more monomers; a “terpolymer” is a polymer made from three monomers. A “block copolymer” is composed of compositionally different blocks or segments. Diblock copolymers have two blocks. Triblock copolymers have three blocks. “Comb or graft copolymers” are made from at least one macromer.

A “repeating unit” is the smallest group of atoms in a polymer that corresponds to the polymerization of a specific monomer or macromer.

An “initiator” is a molecule that can decompose into free radical groups which can react with a monomer to initiate a free radical polymerization reaction. A thermal initiator decomposes at a certain rate depending on the temperature; typical examples are azo compounds such as azobisisobutyronitrile and 4,4′-aobis(4-cyanovaleric acid), peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, tert-butyl peroxybenzoate, dicumyl peroxide, and lauroyl peroxide, peracids such as peracetic acid and potassium persulfate as well as various redox systems. A photo-initiator decomposes by a photochemical process; typical examples are derivatives of benzil, benzoin, acetophenone, benzophenone, camphorquinone, and mixtures thereof as well as various monoacyl and bisacyl phosphine oxides and combinations thereof.

A “free radical group” is a molecule that has an unpaired valence electron which can react with a polymerizable group to initiate a free radical polymerization reaction.

A “cross-linking agent” or “crosslinker” is a di-functional or multi-functional monomer which can undergo free radical polymerization at two or more locations on the molecule, thereby creating branch points and a polymeric network. The two or more polymerizable functionalities on the crosslinker may be the same or different and may, for instance, be independently selected from vinyl groups (including allyl), (meth)acrylate groups, and (meth)acrylamide groups. Common examples are ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, methylene bisacrylamide, triallyl cyanurate, and the like.

A “prepolymer” is a reaction product of monomers (or macromers) which contains remaining polymerizable groups capable of undergoing further reaction to form a polymer.

A “polymeric network” is a type of polymer that is in the form of a cross-linked macromolecule. Generally, a polymeric network may swell but cannot dissolve in solvents. For instance, the crosslinked substrate network of the invention is a material that is swellable, without dissolving.

“Hydrogels” are polymeric networks that swell in water or aqueous solutions, typically absorbing at least 10 weight percent water (at 25° C.). “Silicone hydrogels” are hydrogels that are made from at least one silicone-containing component with at least one hydrophilic component. Hydrophilic components may also include non-reactive polymers.

“Conventional hydrogels” refer to polymeric networks made from monomers without any siloxy, siloxane or carbosiloxane groups. Conventional hydrogels are prepared from reactive compositions predominantly containing hydrophilic monomers, such as 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (“HEMA”), N-vinyl pyrrolidone (“NVP”), N, N-dimethylacrylamide (“DMA”) or vinyl acetate.

As used herein, the term “reactive composition” refers to a composition containing one or more reactive components (and optionally non-reactive components) which are mixed (when more than one is present) together and, when subjected to polymerization conditions, form polymer compositions. If more than one component is present, the reactive composition may also be referred to herein as a “reactive mixture” or a “reactive monomer mixture” (or RMM). The reactive composition comprises reactive components such as the monomers, macromers, prepolymers, cross-linkers, and initiators, and optional additives such as wetting agents, release agents, dyes, light absorbing compounds such as UV-VIS absorbers, pigments, dyes and photochromic compounds, any of which may be reactive or non-reactive but are preferably capable of being retained within the resulting polymer composition, as well as pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compounds, and any diluents. It will be appreciated that a wide range of additives may be added based upon the final product which is made and its intended use. Concentrations of components of the reactive composition are expressed as weight percentages of all components in the reaction composition, excluding diluent. When diluents are used, their concentrations are expressed as weight percentages based upon the amount of all components in the reaction composition and the diluent.

“Reactive components” are the components in the reactive composition which become part of the chemical structure of the resulting material by covalent bonding, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, the formation of interpenetrating polymeric networks, or any other means. Examples include but are not limited to silicone reactive components (e.g., the silicone-containing components described below) and hydrophilic reactive components (e.g., the hydrophilic monomers described below).

As used herein, the term “silicone hydrogel contact lens” refers to a contact lens comprising at least one silicone hydrogel. Silicone hydrogel contact lenses generally have increased oxygen permeability compared to conventional hydrogels. Silicone hydrogel contact lenses use both their water and polymer content to transmit oxygen to the eye.

“DMD” refers to a digital micromirror device that may be a bistable spatial light modulator consisting of an array of movable micromirrors functionally mounted over a CMOS SRAM. Each mirror may be independently controlled by loading data into the memory cell, which may be below the mirror, to steer reflected light, spatially mapping a pixel of video data to a pixel on a display. The data electrostatically controls the mirror’s tilt angle in a binary fashion, where the mirror states are either +X degrees (on) or -X degrees (off). Light reflected by the on mirrors then may be passed through a projection lens and onto a screen. Light may be reflected off to create a dark field and defines the black-level floor for the image. Images may be created by gray-scale modulation between on and off levels at a rate fast enough to be integrated by the observer. The DMD (digital micromirror device) may comprise Digital Light Processing (DLP) projection systems.

“DMD Script” refers to a control protocol and image file for a spatial light modulator and also to the control signals of any system component, for example, a light source or filter wheel, either of which may include a series of command sequences in time.

The term “multi-functional” refers to a component having two or more polymerizable groups. The term “mono-functional” refers to a component having one polymerizable group.

The terms “halogen” or “halo” indicate fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to an unsubstituted or substituted linear or branched alkyl group containing the indicated number of carbon atoms. If no number is indicated, then alkyl (optionally including any substituents on alkyl) may contain 1 to 16 carbon atoms. Preferably, the alkyl group contains 1 to 10 carbon atoms, alternatively 1 to 7 carbon atoms, or alternatively 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso-, sec- and tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, 3-ethylbutyl, and the like. Examples of substituents on alkyl include 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from hydroxy, amino, amido, oxa, carboxy, alkyl carboxy, carbonyl, alkoxy, amido, carbamate, carbonate, halogen, phenyl, benzyl, and combinations thereof. “Alkylene” means a divalent alkyl group, such as —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂—, and —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—.

“Haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl group as defined above substituted with one or more halogen atoms, where each halogen is independently F, C1, Br or I. A preferred halogen is F. Preferred haloalkyl groups contain 1-6 carbons, more preferably 1-4 carbons, and still more preferably 1-2 carbons. “Haloalkyl” includes perhaloalkyl groups, such as —CF₃— or —CF₂CF₃—. “Haloalkylene” means a divalent haloalkyl group, such as —CH₂CF₂—.

“Cycloalkyl” refers to an unsubstituted or substituted cyclic hydrocarbon containing the indicated number of ring carbon atoms. If no number is indicated, then cycloalkyl may contain 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms. Preferred are C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl groups, more preferably C₄-C₇ cycloalkyl, and still more preferably C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl. Examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl. Examples of substituents on cycloalkyl include 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, amino, amido, oxa, carbonyl, alkoxy, amido, carbamate, carbonate, halo, phenyl, benzyl, and combinations thereof. “Cycloalkylene” means a divalent cycloalkyl group, such as 1,2-cyclohexylene, 1,3- cyclohexylene, or 1,4- cyclohexylene.

“Heterocycloalkyl” refers to a cycloalkyl ring or ring system as defined above in which at least one ring carbon has been replaced with a heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. The heterocycloalkyl ring is optionally fused to or otherwise attached to other heterocycloalkyl rings and/or non-aromatic hydrocarbon rings and/or phenyl rings. Preferred heterocycloalkyl groups have from 5 to 7 members. More preferred heterocycloalkyl groups have 5 or 6 members. Heterocycloalkylene means a divalent heterocycloalkyl group.

“Aryl” refers to an unsubstituted or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon ring system containing at least one aromatic ring. The aryl group contains the indicated number of ring carbon atoms. If no number is indicated, then aryl may contain 6 to 14 ring carbon atoms. The aromatic ring may optionally be fused or otherwise attached to other aromatic hydrocarbon rings or non-aromatic hydrocarbon rings. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, and biphenyl. Preferred examples of aryl groups include phenyl. Examples of substituents on aryl include 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from alkyl, hydroxy, amino, amido, oxa, carboxy, alkyl carboxy, carbonyl, alkoxy, amido, carbamate, carbonate, halo, phenyl, benzyl, and combinations thereof. “Arylene” means a divalent aryl group, for example 1,2-phenylene, 1,3-phenylene, or 1,4-phenylene.

“Heteroaryl” refers to an aryl ring or ring system, as defined above, in which at least one ring carbon atom has been replaced with a heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. The heteroaryl ring may be fused or otherwise attached to one or more heteroaryl rings, aromatic or nonaromatic hydrocarbon rings or heterocycloalkyl rings. Examples of heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, furyl, and thienyl. “Heteroarylene” means a divalent heteroaryl group.

“Alkoxy” refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen bridge. Examples of alkoxy groups include, for instance, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy and isopropoxy. “Aryloxy” refers to an aryl group attached to a parent molecular moiety through an oxygen bridge. Examples include phenoxy. “Cyclic alkoxy” means a cycloalkyl group attached to the parent moiety through an oxygen bridge.

“Alkylamine” refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an -NH bridge. Alkyleneamine means a divalent alkylamine group, such as —CH₂CH₂NH—.

“Siloxanyl” refers to a structure having at least one Si—O—Si bond. Thus, for example, siloxanyl group means a group having at least one Si—O—Si group (i.e. a siloxane group), and siloxanyl compound means a compound having at least one Si—O—Si group. “Siloxanyl” encompasses monomeric (e.g., Si—O—Si) as well as oligomeric/polymeric structures (e.g., —[Si—O]_(n)—, where n is 2 or more). Each silicon atom in the siloxanyl group is substituted with independently selected R^(A) groups (where R^(A) is as defined in formula A options (b)-(i)) to complete their valence.

“Silyl” refers to a structure of formula R₃Si— and “siloxy” refers to a structure of formula R₃Si—O—, where each R in silyl or siloxy is independently selected from trimethylsiloxy, C₁-C₈ alkyl (preferably C₁-C₃ alkyl, more preferably ethyl or methyl), and C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl.

“Alkyleneoxy” refers to groups of the general formula -(alkylene—O)_(p)— or —(O—alkylene)_(p)-, wherein alkylene is as defined above, and p is from 1 to 200, or from 1 to 100, or from 1 to 50, or from 1 to 25, or from 1 to 20, or from 1 to 10, wherein each alkylene is independently optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from hydroxyl, halo (e.g., fluoro), amino, amido, ether, carbonyl, carboxyl, and combinations thereof. If p is greater than 1, then each alkylene may be the same or different and the alkyleneoxy may be in block or random configuration. When alkyleneoxy forms a terminal group in a molecule, the terminal end of the alkyleneoxy may, for instance, be a hydroxy or alkoxy (e.g., HO—[CH₂CH₂O]_(p)— or CH₃O—[CH₂CH₂O]_(P)—). Examples of alkyleneoxy include polymethyleneoxy, polyethyleneoxy, polypropyleneoxy, polybutyleneoxy, and poly(ethyleneoxy-co-propyleneoxy).

“Oxaalkylene” refers to an alkylene group as defined above where one or more non-adjacent CH₂ groups have been substituted with an oxygen atom, such as —CH₂CH₂OCH(CH₃)CH₂—. “Thiaalkylene” refers to an alkylene group as defined above where one or more non-adjacent CH₂ groups have been substituted with a sulfur atom, such as —CH₂CH₂SCH(CH₃)CH₂—.

The term “linking group” refers to a moiety that links the polymerizable group to the parent molecule. The linking group may be any moiety that does not undesirably interfere with the polymerization of the compound of which it is a part. For instance, the linking group may be a bond, or it may comprise one or more alkylene, haloalkylene, amide, amine, alkyleneamine, carbamate, carboxylate (—CO₂—), arylene, heteroarylene, cycloalkylene, heterocycloalkylene, alkyleneoxy, oxaalkylene, thiaalkylene, haloalkyleneoxy (alkyleneoxy substituted with one or more halo groups, e.g., —OCF₂—, —OCF₂CF₂—, —OCF₂CH₂—), siloxanyl, alkylenesiloxanyl, or combinations thereof. The linking group may optionally be substituted with 1 or more substituent groups. Suitable substituent groups may include those independently selected from alkyl, halo (e.g., fluoro), hydroxyl, HO-alkyleneoxy, MeO-alkyleneoxy, siloxanyl, siloxy, siloxy-alkyleneoxy-, siloxy-alkylene-alkyleneoxy- (where more than one alkyleneoxy groups may be present and wherein each methylene in alkylene and alkyleneoxy is independently optionally substituted with hydroxyl), ether, amine, carbonyl, carbamate, and combinations thereof. The linking group may also be substituted with a polymerizable group, such as (meth)acrylate.

Preferred linking groups include C₁-C₈ alkylene (preferably C₂-C₆ alkylene) and C₁-C₈ oxaalkylene (preferably C₂-C₆ oxaalkylene), each of which is optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups independently selected from hydroxyl and siloxy. Preferred linking groups also include carboxylate, amide, C₁-C₈ alkylene-carboxylate-C₁-C₈ alkylene, or C₁-C₈ alkylene-amide-C₁-C₈ alkylene.

When the linking group is comprised of combinations of moieties as described above (e.g., alkylene and cycloalkylene), the moieties may be present in any order. For instance, if in Formula E below, L (linking group) in a structural formula is indicated as being -alkylene-cycloalkylene-, then Rg-L may be either Rg-alkylene-cycloalkylene-, or Rg-cycloalkylene-alkylene-. Notwithstanding this, the listing order represents the preferred order in which the moieties appear in the compound starting from the terminal polymerizable group (Rg) to which the linking group is attached. For example, if two linking groups, L and L², are indicated as both being alkylene-cycloalkylene, then Rg-L is preferably Rg-alkylene-cycloalkylene- and —L²—Rg is preferably -cycloalkylene-alkylene-Rg.

As noted above, in one aspect, the invention provides a method for forming an ophthalmic lens. The method comprises: (a) providing a mold assembly comprised of a base curve and a front curve, the base curve and the front curve defining and enclosing a cavity therebetween, the cavity containing a reactive monomer mixture, wherein the reactive monomer mixture comprises a monomer suitable for making the ophthalmic lens, a first polymerization initiator that is capable of being activated at a first wavelength, a first functional moiety chemically linked to the first polymerization initiator, and a second polymerization initiator that is capable of being activated by a second activation that does not substantially activate the first polymerization initiator, wherein at least one of the base curve or front curve is light transmissive; (b) exposing one or more selective regions of the reactive monomer mixture to a source of actinic radiation at the first wavelength to thereby selectively polymerize a portion of the reactive monomer mixture, wherein the selectively polymerized portion incorporates the first functional moiety; (c) exposing the reactive monomer mixture to the second activation to activate the second polymerization initiator and cure the reactive monomer mixture; (d) removing the ophthalmic lens from the mold assembly; and (e) extracting unreacted first polymerization initiator (with chemically linked first functional moiety) from the ophthalmic lens.

According to the invention, reactive monomer mixtures are formed into ophthalmic lenses, such as soft contact lenses, by dispensing the mixture into a mold assembly and subsequently curing the mixture. The mold assembly is comprised of a base curve, which is the mold half that contacts the posterior surface of the lens, and a front curve, which contacts the anterior surface. The front curve and base curve, when brought together, define and enclose a cavity between them which, according to the invention, contains the reactive monomer mixture.

The mold components (front curve and base curve), from the which the mold assembly used in the invention is comprised, may be made from various materials, including disposable or reusable materials. For instance, the mold may be a thermoplastic optical mold, made from any suitable material including, without limitation, polyethylene, polypropylene, other polyolefins including homopolymers, copolymers, and terpolymers, polystyrene, polystyrene copolymers, polyesters such as poly(ethylene terephathalate) and poly(butylene terephthalate), polyamides, poly(vinyl alcohol) and its derivatives, hydrogenated styrene butadiene block copolymers like Tuftec, cyclic olefin polymers such as Zeonor and Topas resins, and combinations thereof. The mold may be selected to be transparent or mostly transparent to wavelengths that will activate the first polymerization initiator, thus permitting irradiation through the front curve, the base curve, or both the front curve and base curve. The material may be the same or different between the front and base curves. A preferred material for the front curve of the mold assembly is a 90:10 (w/w) blend of cyclic olefin polymer and hydrogenated styrene butadiene block copolymer, respectively. A preferred material for the base curve of the mold assembly is a 90:10 (w/w) blend of cyclic olefin polymer and polypropylene. Other exemplary materials include a blend of Zeonor and Tuftec for either or both of the base curve and the front curve. The thickness of the base curve or front curve molds may vary, but is typically between 100 and 1500 microns, preferably between 600 and 800 microns, as measured in the center of the optical zone of the target lens mold design. Other mold materials that may be used include re-usable molds comprised of, for instance, glass, quartz, or ceramics such as Aluminum oxide. BK270 and RB 270 are examples of materials suitable for molding for the transmissive mold half. They may be molded or polished to achieve acceptable optical profile and surface roughness properties. Additionally, coatings may be applied to such re-usable molds to aid in the release of the cured lens. These mold coatings are typically based on siloxanes or silanes and may be partially or completely fluorinated.

The reactive monomer mixture of the invention contains a first polymerization initiator having a first functional moiety chemically linked to it. The first polymerization initiator is capable of being activated at a first wavelength (the wavelength, which may be a range of wavelengths, that activates the first polymerization initiator). As discussed above, when activated by the first wavelength, the polymerization initiator decomposes into free radical groups which can react with a monomer in the reactive monomer mixture to initiate a free radical polymerization reaction. The initiator, once the polymerization is initiated, adds monomer units to grow the polymer chain and, as a result, also becomes a covalently linked part of the polymer. As a consequence, the first functional moiety, which is chemically linked to the initiator, also becomes part of the polymer. The result is the incorporation of the functional moiety into the lens. And because the process of the invention adopts a selective polymerization approach, it is possible to position the functional moiety at specified locations in the ophthalmic lens. Such selective positioning of functional features permits the manufacture of lenses that incorporate a wide variety of capabilities including, for instance, light filtering, light apodization, modified refractive indexes, and the like.

The first polymerization initiator may absorb (and be activated by) various wavelengths of light, for instant ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths and/or visible light wavelengths. Preferably, the first polymerization initiator may absorb within the visible range (about 380 nm to about 780 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum. Visible light initiators that may function as the first polymerization initiator are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, aromatic alpha-hydroxy ketones, alkoxyoxybenzoins, acetophenones, acylphosphine oxides, bisacylphosphine oxides, and a tertiary amine plus a diketone, mixtures thereof and the like. Illustrative examples of initiators further include 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one, bis(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4-4-trimethylpentyl phosphine oxide (DMBAPO), bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenyl phosphineoxide (Irgacure 819), 2,4,6-trimethylbenzyldiphenyl phosphine oxide and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl diphenylphosphine oxide, benzoin methyl ester and a combination of camphorquinone and ethyl 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzoate. Commercially available visible light photoinitiator systems that can function as the first polymerization initiator include Irgacure 819, Irgacure 1700, Irgacure 1800, Irgacure 819, Irgacure 1850 (all from Ciba Specialty Chemicals) and Lucirin TPO initiator (available from BASF). These and other photoinitiators which may be used are disclosed in Volume III, Photoinitiators for Free Radical Cationic & Anionic Photopolymerization, 2nd Edition by J.V. Crivello& K. Dietliker; edited by G. Bradley; John Wiley and Sons; New York; 1998.

Particularly preferred visible light photoinitiators that can function as the first polymerization initiator include alpha-hydroxy ketones such as Irgacure® (e.g. Irgacure 1700 or 1800) available from CIBA; various organic phosphine oxides, such as monoacylphosphine oxides and bisacylphosphine oxides; diethoxyacetophenone; 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone; 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone; phenothiazine; diisopropylxanthogen disulfide; benzoin or benzoin derivatives; and the like. Preferably, the first polymerization initiator is activated at wavelengths including ranges from 200 to 600 nm, or from 300 to 500 nm, or from 350 to 450 nm, or from 380 to 450 nm.

The reactive monomer mixture of the invention contains a first functional moiety that is chemically linked to the first polymerization initiator. As described above, the invention permits the incorporation of the first functional moiety at selective locations in the ophthalmic lens. A wide variety of functional moieties may be incorporated. Thus, the first wavelength, and its intensity and pattern, may be selectively chosen to interact with the spectral absorbance of the monomer mixture such that a desired two-dimensional or three-dimensional incorporation of the first functional moiety is achieved via Beer’s law effects, as is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 8,317,505, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The first functional moiety may be designed to affect an overall change in the optical path length with or without a concomitant change in the absorption spectrum in the regions of the hydrated lens that are formed by the first polymerization initiator. In that way, the overall optics of the lens can be modified in a deterministic manner. The optical path length (OPL) is calculated by the formula: OPL =

∫_(a)^(b)

n(s)ds where n(s) is refractive index as a function of distance travelled through a medium (s) where the light path travels between points a and b (see Field Guide to Geometrical Optics, John E. Greivenkamp, Editor, University of Arizona, SPIE Field Guides, Volume FG01, SPIE Press, Bellingham WA, USA, 2004). For homogeneous media, OPL is simply the refractive index times the distance travelled (n times s). In theory, the OPL can be modified by the incorporation of a first functional moiety by either changing the refractive index of the region, by changing the distance travelled by light rays through the region, for instance, by changing the swelling properties of the region based on compositional and/or crosslink density modifications which in turn affect the thickness profile of the optical zone of the lens, or any combination of factors that change the OPL in the region. In this application, the term “refractive index moiety” is defined as a first functional moiety that changes the OPL in part by changing the refractive index of the regions created by activating the first polymerization initiator. The composition of the reactive monomer mixture will determine the impact of swelling and/or crosslink density on the OPL of the regions created by activating the first polymerization initiator. In this application, the term “light absorbing moiety” is defined as a first functional moiety that changes the light absorbing properties or spectra of the regions created by activating the first polymerization initiator.

The first functional moiety may, for instance, be a refractive index moiety, a light absorbing moiety, or a combination thereof. Light absorbing moieties may be used to provide an ophthalmic lens with a variety of functions including, for instance, cosmetic features, or the absorption of specific wavelengths of light (e.g., absorption of high energy visible (HEV) light and/or other wavelengths). The first functional moiety may provide more than one function. For instance, a light absorbing moiety may also modify the refractive index of the lens in a desirable manner. Thus, incorporated moieties may achieve multiple effects.

Light absorbing moieties may be used to provide general or custom apodization features to the lens in order to improve a lens user’s vision. Examples of light absorbing moieties include, for instance, static dyes, photochromic dyes, thermochromic dyes, leuco dyes, and combinations thereof. More specific examples include, without limitation: azo-based dyes; anthraquinone-based dyes; nitro-based dyes; phthalocyanine-based dyes; quinoneimine-based dyes; quinoline-based dyes; carbonyl-based dyes; triarylmethane-based dyes; methine-based dyes; naphthopyrans; spiro (indoline) quinopyrans and spiro (indoline) pyrans; oxazines, such as spiro (indoline) naphthoxazines, spiro (indoline) pyridobenzoxazines, spiro (benzindoline) pyridobenzoxazines, spiro (benzindoline) naphthoxazines and spiro (indoline) benzoxazines; mercury dithizonates; fulgides; fulgimides, acridine dyes, arylmethane dyes, indamin, xanthene, acridone, or combinations thereof.

The first functional moiety may be a refractive index moiety. A refractive index moiety alters the OPL of the lens, in the areas where it is incorporated, relative to the bulk lens. Variations in refractive properties across a lens can be used to impart images or other visual features into the lens or to impart features that affect visual function, for example for the purpose of generating bifocal or multifocal lenses. A preferred class of refractive index moiety are polyamides. Exemplary polyamides include, without limitation, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinylmethyacetamide (PVMA), polydimethylacrylamide (PDMA), polyvinylacetamide (PNVA), poly(hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylamide), polyacrylamide, and copolymers of two or more thereof.

Exemplary first polymerization initiators containing chemically linked first functional moieties are shown in Table A: Table A

where n is an integer ranging from 10 to 4000, and T is a chain terminating group,

where n is an integer ranging from 10 to 4000, and T is a chain terminating group,

where x and y are independently integers ranging from 10 to 4000, and T is a chain terminating group,

where m is an integer ranging from 10 to 3000 and n is an integer ranging from 1 to 100, and each T is independently a chain terminating group or an initiator fragment,

where m is an integer ranging from 10 to 3000, and T is a chain terminating group,

wherein a is an integer ranging from 1 to 100, b is an integer ranging from 1 to 100, c is an integer ranging from 1 to 250, T is independently a chain terminating group or an initiator fragment, and Q is derived from a hydrophilic monomer, such as N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, N-vinyl-N-methylacetamide, N-vinyl acetamide.

The first polymerization initiator (containing a chemically linked first functional moiety) may be used in the reactive monomer mixture in effective amounts of, for instance, 0.01 weight percent to 20 weight percent based on all components in the reactive monomer mixture, excluding diluents.

The reactive monomer mixture of the invention contains a second polymerization initiator. The second polymerization initiator is capable of being activated by a second activation that does not substantially activate (e.g., less than 50 mole percent, preferably less than 20 mole percent, more preferably less than 5 mole percent, and further preferably less than 1 mole percent, activation of) the first polymerization initiator. For example, the second polymerization initiator can be activated by either photonic or thermal energy that does not substantially activate the first polymerization initiator. Preferably, the second polymerization initiator is a thermal initiator. Examples of thermal initiators include, without limitation, azo compounds such as azobisisobutyronitrile and 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid), peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, tert-butyl peroxybenzoate, dicumyl peroxide, and lauroyl peroxide, peracids such as peracetic acid and potassium persulfate as well as various redox systems. A preferred thermal initiator is azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). Optionally, the second polymerization initiator may contain a chemically linked second functional moiety, which may be the same or different from the first functional moiety. The second polymerization initiator is used in the reactive monomer mixture in effective amounts to initiate polymerization of the reactive monomer mixture, e.g., from about 0.1 to about 2 parts by weight per 100 parts of reactive monomer mixture.

According to the process of the invention, one or more selective regions of the reactive monomer mixture (in the mold assembly cavity) are exposed to a source of actinic radiation at the first wavelength, which thereby selectively activates the first polymerization initiator and consequently selectively polymerizes a portion of the reactive monomer mixture. Advantageously, because the first polymerization initiator has the first functional moiety chemically linked to it, the selectively polymerized portion of the reactive monomer mixture incorporates the first functional moiety.

Various techniques may be used for the selective activation of the first polymerization initiator. A preferred technique is voxel-based lithography as generally described, for example, in US20150146159, US9075186, and US8317505, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Additional references include US7905594, US8157373, US8240849, US8313828, US8318055, US8795558, US9180633, US9180634, US9417464, US9610742, and US9857607, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary prior art apparatus described in US8317505 (“the ‘505 patent”) that can be used to selectively control an array of individual beams of actinic radiation to cure or partially cure a reactive monomer mixture such as that used to form ophthalmic lenses. Light is generated by an actinic radiation source or light source 120 and emerges as a light in a defined band of wavelengths but with some spatial variation in intensity and direction. Element 130, a spatial intensity controller or collimator, condenses, diffuses and, in some embodiments, collimates light to create a beam of light 140 that is highly uniform in intensity and preferably centered around a pre-determined wavelength. Further, in some embodiments, the beam 140 impinges on a digital micromirror device (DMD) 110 including an array of selectively controllable mirrors, which divides the beam into pixel elements of intensity each of which can be assigned a digital on or off value. In reality, the mirror at each pixel reflects light in one of two paths. The “ON” path (item 150) is the path that leads to photons proceeding toward a reactive chemical media. In the “OFF” path, light is reflected along a different path that will lie between the paths depicted as items 116 and 117. This “OFF” path directs photons to impinge upon a beam dump 115 which has been carefully crafted to absorb and entrap any photons directed towards it. Referring back to the “ON” path 150, light depicted in this path actually includes the many different pixel values that have been set to the “ON” value and are spatially directed along the appropriate individual path corresponding to their pixel location. A time averaged intensity of each of the pixel elements along their respective paths 150 can be represented as a spatial intensity profile 160 across the spatial grid defined by the DMD 110. Alternatively, with the constant intensity impinging on each mirror, item 160 may represent a spatial time exposure profile. The computer program that selectively controls the array of mirrors (on/off time) is referred to herein as a “script”.

The ‘505 patent describes the beams vertically impinging on a light transmissive forming optic 180 and into a volume of reactive monomer mixture 302 (FIG. 2 ), with the selectively controllable beams of actinic radiation causing selective curing, through the forming optic, of the reactive monomer within the vat on a voxel by voxel basis according to the script.

The present invention may leverage the apparatus of FIGS. 1 and 2 , but replaces the forming optic (male mold) with a traditional two part cast mold such as the exemplary one shown in FIG. 3 . As shown in FIG. 3 , the cure apparatus 200 including first 201 and second 202 mold halves that together form the shape of the cured contact lens to be formed, at least one of which is light transmissive, with a reactive monomer mixture 204 filling the entire space in between. The first and second mold halves are secured in place within a cure apparatus 200 including a first portion 210 a and a second portion 210 b, at least one portion of which (i.e., 210 b in FIG. 3 ) is similarly light transmissive. A selectively controllable source of actinic radiation 205, such as that described above, is directed to selectively impinge upon a light transmissive mold half and exposure jig portion as illustrated. The apparatus may further include a light absorber 212 designed to capture stray light after it has passed through the transmissive jig portion, mold half and reactive monomer mixture. In the alternative, the opposing mold half and/or jig portion could be non-transmissive or otherwise light absorbing, such as if the mold half or jig portion was comprised of a carbon black filled thermoplastic such as styrene or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).

The invention described herein can be used to spatially incorporate (two-dimensional or three-dimensional) functional moieties, geometries, or physical properties into an ophthalmic lens formed between the two mold halves. As discussed above, this can be accomplished by incorporating into the reactive monomer mixture a first polymerization initiator linked to a first functional moiety that is activated by a first predetermined wavelength or range of wavelengths, and a second polymerization initiator linked or not linked to a second functional moiety. The second polymerization initiator can be activated by a second activation that does not substantially activate the first polymerization initiator. The second activation may, for instance, be by application of photonic and/or thermal energy. As such the photonic and/or thermal energy can be selectively applied by the cure apparatus to selectively and differentially cure and/or otherwise selectively activate the functional chemistry.

By way of illustration, the reactive monomer mixture can first be exposed to light at a first wavelength or wavelength range via the source of actinic radiation 205 according to a predetermined digital script as described above. The first wavelength of light will activate the first polymerization initiator causing free-radical polymerization. The desired degree and depth of polymerization at each point in the array of beams of actinic radiation is defined by the preprogrammed script and wavelength of the actinic radiation as it may interact lightly or heavily with the spectral absorption of the reactive monomer mixture in a manner consistent with Beer’s law. A first functional moiety linked to the first polymerization initiator is incorporated into the polymer chain of the selectively polymerized reactive monomer mixture. After exposure to the actinic radiation, the mold assembly may be exposed to a second energy, again, not substantially activating the first photo-initiator, preferably thermal energy. To accomplish this the mold assembly shown in FIG. 3 may simply be placed in a thermally controlled environment, such as an oven, until the reactive monomer mixture is cured, for example at approximately 90° C. for approximately two to three hours.

As an alternative, following exposure to a first actinic radiation the mold halves and exposure jig assembly are placed in the thermal apparatus for about 20 minutes to allow sufficient gelling of the reactive monomer mixture to prevent unwanted relative movement of the BC mold relative to the FC mold, at which time it is removed from the thermal apparatus and the exposure jigs removed from the mold halves. The mold halves are then immediately placed back in the thermal apparatus for the duration of the time for final cure. This allows the exposure jig to be reused if desired, during the remainder of the final lens curing step. The formed lens object can then be removed from the mold halves 202 and 203 and undergo an extraction process to remove unreacted first polymerization initiator. The extraction process to remove unreacted first polymerization initiator may be complete or incomplete. In some cases, removal of all unreacted first polymerization initiator is not required to create the desired features or optical effects. In other cases, the extraction process removes only a portion of the unreacted first polymerization initiator, enabling an optional irradiation step using a lower concentration of the first polymerization initiator. After removing unreacted first polymerization initiator, the standard post-processing steps of lens extraction to remove other reactive monomer components and of lens hydration can be carried out to form the final ophthalmic lens. In some instances, the standard post-processing steps of lens extraction and hydration, using aqueous alcohols, water, and buffers can also extract unreacted first polymerization initiators, thereby combining two or more extraction steps into one operation.

The resulting lens object will have varying properties spatially incorporated therein as determined by the different curing methods applied to the respective portions. The first functional moiety may, for example, be a refractive index moiety, a light absorbing moiety, or a combination thereof. The first wavelength, and its intensity and pattern, is selectively chosen to interact with the spectral absorbance of the reactive monomer mixture such that a desired two-dimensional or three-dimensional incorporation is achieved via Beer’s law effects, as is described in detail in the ‘505 patent.

One application of the invention described herein involves incorporating functional chemistry that can change refractive properties within the lens. Variations in refractive properties can be used to impart images or other visual features into the lens or to impart features that affect visual function, for example for the purpose of generating bifocal or multifocal lenses.

Another application of the invention described herein is to leverage a selected functional moiety to incorporate dyes for cosmetic and/or light management purposes. With regard to light management, current art uses monomeric dyes and a single initiator-based cure process. This process has no inherent spatial control and yields a lens with uniform properties throughout. Further, if the dye is incorporated for light management purposes, the transmission profile of the lens is largely dependent on the thickness profile of the lens, and the concentration of the dye is typically chosen to represent a compromise to achieve an average desired transmission across the optic zone of the lens over the range of produced optical powers. The present invention can improve light management in lenses with selected patterns of dye incorporated into a lens to achieve varied and desired transmission profiles across the lens as opposed to the largely thickness defined profile as in the prior art. Although this can be accomplished to some degree by pad printing onto the surface of the lens, it cannot currently be incorporated into the lens itself by known techniques. Pad printing also has drawbacks in that known pad printing technology involves a heavy dye, dye-pigment combination, or pigment laden compound applied in a thin printed layer which results in an uneven transmission profile due to the small variations in print layer thickness typical of pad printing capability. Further, there are likely to be unwanted optical effects due to printing a layer in the optic zone with refractive index matching/thickness variation issues.

While voxel-based lithography as described above is a preferred technique for the selective activation of the first polymerization initiator, other techniques may also be utilized. For example, selective activation may be provided by photo masking, from the first wavelength, those areas of the reactive monomer mixture where polymerization is not desired. The non-masked areas of the reactive monomer mixture may then undergo activation and selective polymerization. The photo masks may be binary in nature, but more preferably are gray scaled. Specification, and fabrication of photo masks of this nature are known to those in the art of gray scale photolithography.

Preferably, the reactive monomer mixture has sufficient viscosity so that the polymerized moieties to do not undesirably diffuse during or immediately after the first selective polymerization described above. Various options are available for providing such viscosity. For example, a reactive monomer mixture that contains viscous components, such as macromers or pre-polymers, may be used. Diluents may also be excluded, or at least used in low concentration, to avoid significantly reducing the reactive monomer mixture’s viscosity.

A preferred approach is to conduct a limited pre-cure of the reactive monomer mixture through a brief activation of the second polymerization initiator, prior to or concurrently with the first activation. Thus, for example, if the second polymerization initiator is a thermal initiator, the reactive monomer mixture in the mold assembly may be heated to briefly activate the thermal initiator and therefore initiate some polymerization of the reactive monomer mixture. The initiation and polymerization can then be halted once a desired viscosity has been achieved. By way of illustration, if the thermal initiator is AIBN, such pre-cure may be achieved by heating the reactive monomer mixture to a temperature ranging, for instance, from 40 to 150 degrees for about 0.1 to 120 minutes. Preferably, the pre-cure step is carried out prior to the selective activation of the first polymerization initiator.

According to the invention, a full cure of the reactive monomer mixture is conducted following the selective polymerization. This full cure employs the second polymerization initiator present in the reactive monomer mixture. In particular, the second polymerization initiator is activated, thereby initiating the polymerization of the remaining reactive components in the reactive monomer mixture.

As noted above, the reactive monomer mixture of the invention contains a monomer suitable for making the desired ophthalmic lens. By way of example, the reactive monomer mixture may comprise one or more of: hydrophilic components, hydrophobic components, silicone-containing components, wetting agents such as polyamides, crosslinking agents, and further components such as diluents and initiators.

Hydrophilic Components

Examples of suitable families of hydrophilic monomers that may be present in the reactive monomer mixture include (meth)acrylates, styrenes, vinyl ethers, (meth)acrylamides, N-vinyl lactams, N-vinyl amides, N-vinyl imides, N-vinyl ureas, O-vinyl carbamates, O-vinyl carbonates, other hydrophilic vinyl compounds, and mixtures thereof.

Non-limiting examples of hydrophilic (meth)acrylate and (meth)acrylamide monomers include: acrylamide, N-isopropyl acrylamide, N,N-dimethylaminopropyl (meth)acrylamide, N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, 3-hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl) (meth)acrylamide, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) (meth)acrylamide, N-(2-hydroxypropyl) (meth)acrylamide, N,N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl) (meth)acrylamide, N-(3-hydroxypropyl) (meth)acrylamide, N-(2-hydroxybutyl) (meth)acrylamide, N-(3-hydroxybutyl) (meth)acrylamide, N-(4-hydroxybutyl) (meth)acrylamide, 2-aminoethyl (meth)acrylate, 3-aminopropyl (meth)acrylate, 2-aminopropyl (meth)acrylate, N-2-aminoethyl (meth)acrylamides), N-3-aminopropyl (meth)acrylamide, N-2-aminopropyl (meth)acrylamide, N,N-bis-2-aminoethyl (meth)acrylamides, N,N-bis-3-aminopropyl (meth)acrylamide), N,N-bis-2-aminopropyl (meth)acrylamide, glycerol methacrylate, polyethyleneglycol monomethacrylate, (meth)acrylic acid, vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, and mixtures thereof.

Hydrophilic monomers may also be ionic, including anionic, cationic, zwitterions, betaines, and mixtures thereof. Non-limiting examples of such charged monomers include (meth)acrylic acid, N-[(ethenyloxy)carbonyl]-β-alanine (VINAL), 3-acrylamidopropanoic acid (ACA1), 5-acrylamidopentanoic acid (ACA2), 3-acrylamido-3-methylbutanoic acid (AMBA), 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium chloride (Q Salt or METAC), 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), 1-propanaminium, N-(2-carboxyethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3-[(1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)amino]-, inner salt (CBT), 1-propanaminium, N,N-dimethyl-N-[3-[(1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)amino]propyl]-3-sulfo-, inner salt (SBT), 3,5-Dioxa-8-aza-4-phosphaundec-10-en-1-aminium, 4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-9-oxo-, inner salt, 4-oxide (9CI) (PBT), 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, 3-(dimethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)ammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (DMVBAPS), 3-((3-acrylamidopropyl)dimethylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (AMPDAPS), 3-((3-methacrylamidopropyl)dimethylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (MAMPDAPS), 3-((3-(acryloyloxy)propyl)dimethylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (APDAPS), and methacryloyloxy)propyl)dimethylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (MAPDAPS).

Non-limiting examples of hydrophilic N-vinyl lactam and N-vinyl amide monomers include: N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP), N-vinyl-2-piperidone, N-vinyl-2-caprolactam, N-vinyl-3-methyl-2-caprolactam, N-vinyl-3-methyl-2-piperidone, N-vinyl-4-methyl-2-piperidone, N-vinyl-4-methyl-2-caprolactam, N-vinyl-3-ethyl-2- pyrrolidone, N-vinyl-4,5-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-vinyl acetamide (NVA), N-vinyl-N-methylacetamide (VMA), N-vinyl-N-ethyl acetamide, N-vinyl-N-ethyl formamide, N-vinyl formamide, N-vinyl-N-methylpropionamide, N-vinyl-N-methyl-2-methylpropionamide, N-vinyl-2-methylpropionamide, N-vinyl-N,N′-dimethylurea, 1-methyl-3-methylene-2-pyrrolidone, 1-methyl-5-methylene-2-pyrrolidone, 5-methyl-3-methylene-2-pyrrolidone; 1-ethyl-5-methylene-2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-3-methylene-2-pyrrolidone, 5-ethyl-3-methylene-2-pyrrolidone, 1-N-propyl-3-methylene-2-pyrrolidone, 1-N-propyl-5-methylene-2-pyrrolidone, 1-isopropyl-3-methylene-2-pyrrolidone, 1-isopropyl-5-methylene-2-pyrrolidone, N-vinyl-N-ethyl acetamide, N-vinyl-N-ethyl formamide, N-vinyl formamide, N-vinyl isopropylamide, N-vinyl caprolactam, N-vinylimidazole, and mixtures thereof

Non-limiting examples of hydrophilic O-vinyl carbamates and O-vinyl carbonates monomers include N-2-hydroxyethyl vinyl carbamate and N-carboxy-ß-alanine N-vinyl ester. Further examples of hydrophilic vinyl carbonate or vinyl carbamate monomers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,070,215. Hydrophilic oxazolone monomers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,910,277.

Other hydrophilic vinyl compounds include ethylene glycol vinyl ether (EGVE), di(ethylene glycol) vinyl ether (DEGVE), allyl alcohol, and 2-ethyl oxazoline.

The hydrophilic monomers may also be macromers or prepolymers of linear or branched poly(ethylene glycol), poly(propylene glycol), or statistically random or block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, having polymerizable moieties such as (meth)acrylates, styrenes, vinyl ethers, (meth)acrylamides, N-vinylamides, and the like. The macromers of these polyethers have one polymerizable group; the prepolymers may have two or more polymerizable groups.

The preferred hydrophilic monomers of the present invention are DMA, NVP, HEMA, VMA, NVA, and mixtures thereof. Preferred hydrophilic monomers include mixtures of DMA and HEMA. Other suitable hydrophilic monomers will be apparent to one skilled in the art.

Generally, there are no particular restrictions with respect to the amount of the hydrophilic monomer present in the reactive monomer mixture. The amount of the hydrophilic monomers may be selected based upon the desired characteristics of the resulting hydrogel, including water content, clarity, wettability, protein uptake, and the like. Wettability may be measured by contact angle, and desirable contact angles are less than about 100°, less than about 80°, and less than about 60°. The hydrophilic monomer may be present in an amount in the range of, for instance, about 0.1 to about 100 weight percent, alternatively in the range of about 1 to about 80 weight percent, alternatively about 5 to about 65 weight percent, alternatively in the range of about 40 to about 60 weight percent, or alternatively about 55 to about 60 weight percent, based on the total weight of the reactive components in the reactive monomer mixture.

Silicone-Containing Components

Silicone-containing components suitable for use in the reactive monomer mixture of the invention comprise one or more polymerizable compounds, where each compound independently comprises at least one polymerizable group, at least one siloxane group, and one or more linking groups connecting the polymerizable group(s) to the siloxane group(s). The silicone-containing components may, for instance, contain from 1 to 220 siloxane repeat units, such as the groups defined below. The silicone-containing component may also contain at least one fluorine atom.

The silicone-containing component may comprise: one or more polymerizable groups as defined above; one or more optionally repeating siloxane units; and one or more linking groups connecting the polymerizable groups to the siloxane units. The silicone-containing component may comprise: one or more polymerizable groups that are independently a (meth)acrylate, a styryl, a vinyl ether, a (meth)acrylamide, an N-vinyl lactam, an N-vinylamide, an O-vinylcarbamate, an O-vinylcarbonate, a vinyl group, or mixtures of the foregoing; one or more optionally repeating siloxane units; and one or more linking groups connecting the polymerizable groups to the siloxane units.

The silicone-containing component may comprise: one or more polymerizable groups that are independently a (meth)acrylate, a (meth)acrylamide, an N-vinyl lactam, an N-vinylamide, a styryl, or mixtures of the foregoing; one or more optionally repeating siloxane units; and one or more linking groups connecting the polymerizable groups to the siloxane units.

The silicone-containing component may comprise: one or more polymerizable groups that are independently a (meth)acrylate, a (meth)acrylamide, or mixtures of the foregoing; one or more optionally repeating siloxane units; and one or more linking groups connecting the polymerizable groups to the siloxane units.

The silicone-containing component may comprise one or more polymerizable compounds of Formula A:

wherein:

-   at least one R^(A) is a group of formula R_(g)—L— wherein R_(g) is a     polymerizable group and L is a linking group, and the remaining     R^(A) are each independently:     -   (a) R_(g)—L—,     -   (b) C₁-C₁₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more         hydroxy, amino, amido, oxa, carboxy, alkyl carboxy, carbonyl,         alkoxy, amido, carbamate, carbonate, halo, phenyl, benzyl, or         combinations thereof,     -   (c) C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more         alkyl, hydroxy, amino, amido, oxa, carbonyl, alkoxy, amido,         carbamate, carbonate, halo, phenyl, benzyl, or combinations         thereof,     -   (d) a C₆-C₁₄ aryl group optionally substituted with one or more         alkyl, hydroxy, amino, amido, oxa, carboxy, alkyl carboxy,         carbonyl, alkoxy, amido, carbamate, carbonate, halo, phenyl,         benzyl, or combinations thereof,     -   (e) halo,     -   (f) alkoxy, cyclic alkoxy, or aryloxy,     -   (g) siloxy,     -   (h) alkyleneoxy-alkyl or alkoxy-alkyleneoxy-alkyl, such as         polyethyleneoxyalkyl, polypropyleneoxyalkyl, or         poly(ethyleneoxy-co-propyleneoxyalkyl), or     -   (i) a monovalent siloxane chain comprising from 1 to 100         siloxane repeat units optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy,         hydroxy, amino, oxa, carboxy, alkyl carboxy, alkoxy, amido,         carbamate, halo or combinations thereof; and -   n is from 0 to 500 or from 0 to 200, or from 0 to 100, or from 0 to     20, where it is understood that when n is other than 0, n is a     distribution having a mode equal to a stated value. When n is 2 or     more, the SiO units may carry the same or different R^(A)     substituents and if different R^(A) substituents are present, the n     groups may be in random or block configuration.

In Formula A, three R^(A) may each comprise a polymerizable group, alternatively two R^(A) may each comprise a polymerizable group, or alternatively one R^(A) may comprise a polymerizable group.

Examples of silicone-containing components suitable for use in the invention include, but are not limited to, compounds listed in Table B. Where the compounds in Table B contain polysiloxane groups, the number of SiO repeat units in such compounds, unless otherwise indicated, is preferably from 3 to 100, more preferably from 3 to 40, or still more preferably from 3 to 20.

TABLE B 1 mono-methacryloxypropyl terminated mono-n-butyl terminated polydimethylsiloxanes (mPDMS) (preferably containing from 3 to 15 SiO repeating units) 2 mono-acryloxypropyl terminated mono-n-butyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane 3 mono(meth)acryloxypropyl terminated mono-n-methyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane 4 mono(meth)acryloxypropyl terminated mono-n-butyl terminated polydiethylsiloxane 5 mono(meth)acryloxypropyl terminated mono-n-methyl terminated polydiethylsiloxane 6 mono(meth)acrylamidoalkylpolydialkylsiloxanes 7 mono(meth)acryloxyalkyl terminated mono-alkyl polydiarylsiloxanes 8 3-methacryloxypropyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane (TRIS) 9 3-methacryloxypropylbis(trimethylsiloxy)methylsilane 10 3-methacryloxypropylpentamethyl disiloxane 11 mono(meth)acrylamidoalkylpolydialkylsiloxanes 12 mono(meth)acrylamidoalkyl polydimethylsiloxanes 13 N-(2,3-dihydroxypropane)-N′-(propyl tetra(dimethylsiloxy) dimethylbutylsilane)acrylamide 14 N-[3-tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl]-propyl acrylamide (TRIS-Am) 15 2-hydroxy-3-[3-methyl-3,3-di(trimethylsiloxy)silylpropoxy]-propyl methacrylate (SiMAA) 16 2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropyloxypropyl-tris(trimethylsiloxy)silane 17

mono-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropyloxy)-propyl terminated mono-n-butyl terminated polydimethylsiloxanes (OH-mPDMS) (containing from 4 to 30, or from 4 to 20, or from 4 to 15 SiO repeat units) 18

19

20

21

22

23

24

Additional non-limiting examples of suitable silicone-containing components are listed in Table C. Unless otherwise indicated, j2 where applicable is preferably from 1 to 100, more preferably from 3 to 40, or still more preferably from 3 to 15. In compounds containing j 1 and j2, the sum of j 1 and j2 is preferably from 2 to 100, more preferably from 3 to 40, or still more preferably from 3 to 15.

TABLE C 25

26

p is 1 to 10 27

p is 5-10 28

29

30 1,3-bis[4-(vinyloxycarbonyloxy)but-1-yl]tetramethyl-disiloxane 31 3-(vinyloxycarbonylthio) propyl-[tris (trimethylsiloxy)silane] 32 3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl] propyl allyl carbamate 33 3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl] propyl vinyl carbamate 34 tris(trimethylsiloxy)silylstyrene (Styryl-TRIS) 35

36

37

38

39

40

41

j1 = 80-90 j2 = 5-6 p = 7-8 42

m = 3.5-5.5; n = 4-6.5; p = 22-26 43

IEM-PDMS(Mn = 3000)-IPDI-PDMS(Mn = 2000)-IPDI-PDMS(Mn = 3000)-IEM (see WO2016100457)

Mixtures of silicone-containing components may be used. By way of example, suitable mixtures may include, but are not limited to: a mixture of mono-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropyloxy)-propyl terminated mono-n-butyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane (OH-mPDMS) having different molecular weights, such as a mixture of OH-mPDMS containing 4 and 15 SiO repeat units; a mixture of OH-mPDMS with different molecular weights (e.g., containing 4 and 15 repeat SiO repeat units) together with a silicone based crosslinker, such as bis-3-acryloxy-2-hydroxypropyloxypropyl polydimethylsiloxane (ac-PDMS); a mixture of 2-hydroxy-3-[3-methyl-3,3-di(trimethylsiloxy)silylpropoxy]-propyl methacrylate (SiMAA) and mono-methacryloxypropyl terminated mono-n-butyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane (mPDMS), such as mPDMS 1000.

Silicone-containing components for use in the invention may have an average molecular weight of from about 400 to about 4000 daltons.

The silicone containing component(s) may be present in amounts up to about 95 weight %, or from about 10 to about 80 weight %, or from about 20 to about 70 weight %, based upon all reactive components of the reactive monomer mixture (excluding diluents).

Polyamides

The reactive monomer mixture may include at least one polyamide. As used herein, the term “polyamide” refers to polymers and copolymers comprising repeating units containing amide groups. The polyamide may comprise cyclic amide groups, acyclic amide groups and combinations thereof and may be any polyamide known to those of skill in the art. Acyclic polyamides comprise pendant acyclic amide groups and are capable of association with hydroxyl groups. Cyclic polyamides comprise cyclic amide groups and are capable of association with hydroxyl groups.

Examples of suitable acyclic polyamides include polymers and copolymers comprising repeating units of Formulae G1 and G2 :

wherein X is a direct bond, —(CO)—, or —(CONHR₄₄)—, wherein R₄₄ is a C₁ to C₃ alkyl group; R₄₀ is selected from H, straight or branched, substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₄ alkyl groups; R₄₁ is selected from H, straight or branched, substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₄ alkyl groups, amino groups having up to two carbon atoms, amide groups having up to four carbon atoms, and alkoxy groups having up to two carbon groups; R₄₂ is selected from H, straight or branched, substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₄ alkyl groups; or methyl, ethoxy, hydroxyethyl, and hydroxymethyl; R₄₃ is selected from H, straight or branched, substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₄ alkyl groups; or methyl, ethoxy, hydroxyethyl, and hydroxymethyl; wherein the number of carbon atoms in R₄₀ and R₄₁ taken together is 8 or less, including 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or less; and wherein the number of carbon atoms in R₄₂ and R₄₃ taken together is 8 or less, including 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or less. The number of carbon atoms in R₄₀ and R₄₁ taken together may be 6 or less or 4 or less. The number of carbon atoms in R₄₂ and R₄₃ taken together may be 6 or less. As used herein substituted alkyl groups include alkyl groups substituted with an amine, amide, ether, hydroxyl, carbonyl or carboxy groups or combinations thereof.

R₄₀ and R₄₁ may be independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₂ alkyl groups. X may be a direct bond, and R₄₀ and R₄₁ may be independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₂alkyl groups. R₄₂ and R₄₃ can be independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₂alkyl groups, methyl, ethoxy, hydroxyethyl, and hydroxymethyl.

The acyclic polyamides of the present invention may comprise a majority of the repeating units of Formula LV or Formula LVI, or the acyclic polyamides can comprise at least 50 mole percent of the repeating unit of Formula G or Formula G1, including at least 70 mole percent, and at least 80 mole percent. Specific examples of repeating units of Formula G and Formula G1 include repeating units derived from N-vinyl-N-methylacetamide, N-vinylacetamide, N-vinyl-N-methylpropionamide, N-vinyl-N-methyl-2-methylpropionamide, N-vinyl-2-methylpropionamide, N-vinyl-N,N′-dimethylurea, N, N-dimethylacrylamide, methacrylamide, and acyclic amides of Formulae G2 and G3:

Examples of suitable cyclic amides that can be used to form the cyclic polyamides of include α-lactam, β-lactam, _(γ)-lactam, δ-lactam, and ε-lactam. Examples of suitable cyclic polyamides include polymers and copolymers comprising repeating units of Formula G4:

wherein R₄₅ is a hydrogen atom or methyl group; wherein f is a number from 1 to 10; wherein X is a direct bond, —(CO)—, or —(CONHR₄₆)—, wherein R₄₆ is a C₁ to C₃ alkyl group. In Formula LIX, f may be 8 or less, including 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1. In Formula G4, f may be 6 or less, including 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1. In Formula G4, f may be from 2 to 8, including 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In Formula LIX, f may be 2 or 3. When X is a direct bond, f may be 2. In such instances, the cyclic polyamide may be polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).

The cyclic polyamides of the present invention may comprise 50 mole percent or more of the repeating unit of Formula G4, or the cyclic polyamides can comprise at least 50 mole percent of the repeating unit of Formula G4, including at least 70 mole percent, and at least 80 mole percent.

The polyamides may also be copolymers comprising repeating units of both cyclic and acyclic amides. Additional repeating units may be formed from monomers selected from hydroxyalkyl(meth)acrylates, alkyl(meth)acrylates, other hydrophilic monomers and siloxane substituted (meth)acrylates. Any of the monomers listed as suitable hydrophilic monomers may be used as co-monomers to form the additional repeating units. Specific examples of additional monomers which may be used to form polyamides include 2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, methyl (meth)acrylate and hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, dihydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, polyethylene glycol mono(meth)acrylate, and the like and mixtures thereof. Ionic monomers may also be included. Examples of ionic monomers include (meth)acrylic acid, N-[(ethenyloxy)carbonyl]-β-alanine (VINAL, CAS #148969-96-4), 3-acrylamidopropanoic acid (ACA1), 5-acrylamidopentanoic acid (ACA2), 3-acrylamido-3-methylbutanoic acid (AMBA), 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium chloride (Q Salt or METAC), 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), 1-propanaminium, N-(2-carboxyethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3-[(1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)amino]-, inner salt (CBT, carboxybetaine; CAS 79704-35-1), 1-propanaminium, N,N-dimethyl-N-[3-[(1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)amino]propyl]-3-sulfo-, inner salt (SBT, sulfobetaine, CAS 80293-60-3), 3,5-Dioxa-8-aza-4-phosphaundec-10-en-1-aminium, 4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-9-oxo-, inner salt, 4-oxide (9CI) (PBT, phosphobetaine, CAS 163674-35-9, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, 3-(dimethyl(4-vinylbenzyl)ammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (DMVBAPS), 3-((3-acrylamidopropyl)dimethylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (AMPDAPS), 3-((3-methacrylamidopropyl)dimethylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (MAMPDAPS), 3-((3-(acryloyloxy)propyl)dimethylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (APDAPS), methacryloyloxy)propyl)dimethylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (MAPDAPS).

The reactive monomer mixture may comprise both an acyclic polyamide and a cyclic polyamide or copolymers thereof. The acyclic polyamide can be any of those acyclic polyamides described herein or copolymers thereof, and the cyclic polyamide can be any of those cyclic polyamides described herein or copolymers thereof. The polyamide may be selected from the group polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinylmethyacetamide (PVMA), polydimethylacrylamide (PDMA), polyvinylacetamide (PNVA), poly(hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylamide), polyacrylamide, and copolymers and mixtures thereof. The polyamide may be a mixture of PVP (e.g., PVP K90) and PVMA (e.g., having a M_(w) of about 570 KDa).

The total amount of all polyamides in the reactive monomer mixture may be in the range of between 1 weight percent and about 35 weight percent, including in the range of about 1 weight percent to about 15 weight percent, and in the range of about 5 weight percent to about 15 weight percent, in all cases, based on the total weight of the reactive components of the reactive monomer mixture.

Without intending to be bound by theory, when used with a silicone hydrogel, the polyamide functions as an internal wetting agent. The polyamides of the present invention may be non-polymerizable, and in this case, are incorporated into the silicone hydrogels as semi-interpenetrating networks. The polyamides are entrapped or physically retained within the silicone hydrogels. Alternatively, the polyamides of the present invention may be polymerizable, for example as polyamide macromers or prepolymers, and in this case, are covalently incorporated into the silicone hydrogels. Mixtures of polymerizable and non-polymerizable polyamides may also be used.

When the polyamides are incorporated into the reactive monomer mixture they may have a weight average molecular weight of at least 100,000 daltons; greater than about 150,000; between about 150,000 to about 2,000,000 daltons; between about 300,000 to about 1,800,000 daltons. Higher molecular weight polyamides may be used if they are compatible with the reactive monomer mixture.

Cross-Linking Agents

It is generally desirable to add one or more cross-linking agents, also referred to as cross-linking monomers, multi-functional macromers, and prepolymers, to the reactive monomer mixture. The cross-linking agents may be selected from bifunctional crosslinkers, trifunctional crosslinkers, tetrafunctional crosslinkers, and mixtures thereof, including silicone-containing and non-silicone containing cross-linking agents. Non-silicone-containing cross-linking agents include ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA), triallyl cyanurate (TAC), glycerol trimethacrylate, methacryloxyethyl vinylcarbonate (HEMAVc), allylmethacrylate, methylene bisacrylamide (MBA), and polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate wherein the polyethylene glycol has a molecular weight up to about 5000 Daltons. The cross-linking agents are used in the usual amounts, e.g., from about 0.000415 to about 0.0156 mole per 100 grams of reactive Formulas in the reactive monomer mixture. Alternatively, if the hydrophilic monomers and/or the silicone-containing components are multifunctional by molecular design or because of impurities, the addition of a cross-linking agent to the reactive monomer mixture is optional. Examples of hydrophilic monomers and macromers which can act as the cross-linking agents and when present do not require the addition of an additional cross-linking agent to the reactive monomer mixture include (meth)acrylate and (meth)acrylamide endcapped polyethers. Other cross-linking agents will be known to one skilled in the art and may be used to make the silicone hydrogel of the present invention.

It may be desirable to select crosslinking agents with similar reactivity to one or more of the other reactive components in the formulation. In some cases, it may be desirable to select a mixture of crosslinking agents with different reactivity in order to control some physical, mechanical or biological property of the resulting silicone hydrogel. The structure and morphology of the silicone hydrogel may also be influenced by the diluent(s) and cure conditions used.

Multifunctional silicone-containing components, including macromers, cross-linking agents, and prepolymers, may also be included to further increase the modulus and retain tensile strength. The silicone containing cross-linking agents may be used alone or in combination with other cross-linking agents. An example of a silicone containing component which can act as a cross-linking agent and, when present, does not require the addition of a crosslinking monomer to the reactive monomer mixture includes α, ω-bismethacryloxypropyl polydimethylsiloxane. Another example is bis-3-acryloxy-2-hydroxypropyloxypropyl polydimethylsiloxane (ac-PDMS).

Cross-linking agents that have rigid chemical structures and polymerizable groups that undergo free radical polymerization may also be used. Non-limiting examples of suitable rigid structures include cross-linking agents comprising phenyl and benzyl ring, such are 1,4-phenylene diacrylate, 1,4-phenylene dimethacrylate, 2,2-bis(4-methacryloxyphenyl)-propane, 2,2-bis[4-(2-acryloxyethoxy)phenyl]propane, 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy)-phenyl]propane, and 4-vinylbenzyl methacrylate, and combinations thereof. Rigid crosslinking agents may be included in amounts between about 0.5 and about 15, or 2-10, 3-7 based upon the total weight of all of the reactive components. The physical and mechanical properties of the silicone hydrogels of the present invention may be optimized for a particular use by adjusting the components in the reactive monomer mixture.

Non-limiting examples of silicone cross-linking agents also include the multi-functional silicone-containing components described in Table C above.

Further Constituents

The reactive monomer mixture may contain additional components such as, but not limited to, diluents, initiators, UV absorbers, visible light absorbers, photochromic compounds, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, antimicrobial substances, tints, pigments, copolymerizable dyes, nonpolymerizable dyes, release agents, and combinations thereof.

Classes of suitable diluents for silicone hydrogel reactive monomer mixtures include alcohols having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, amides having 10 to 20 carbon atoms derived from primary amines and carboxylic acids having 8 to 20 carbon atoms. The diluents may be primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols.

Generally, the reactive components are mixed in a diluent to form a reactive monomer mixture. Suitable diluents are known in the art. For silicone hydrogels, suitable diluents are disclosed in WO 03/022321 and US 6020445, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Classes of suitable diluents for silicone hydrogel reactive monomer mixtures include alcohols having 2 to 20 carbons, amides having 10 to 20 carbon atoms derived from primary amines, and carboxylic acids having 8 to 20 carbon atoms. Primary and tertiary alcohols may be used. Preferred classes include alcohols having 5 to 20 carbons and carboxylic acids having 10 to 20 carbon atoms.

Specific diluents which may be used include 1-ethoxy-2-propanol, diisopropylaminoethanol, isopropanol, 3,7-dimethyl-3-octanol, 1-decanol, 1-dodecanol, 1-octanol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 2-hexanol, 2-octanol, 3-methyl-3-pentanol, tert-amyl alcohol, tert-butanol, 2-butanol, 1-butanol, 2-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-propanol, 1-propanol, ethanol, 2-ethyl-1-butanol, (3-acetoxy-2-hydroxypropyloxy)-propylbis(trimethylsiloxy) methylsilane, 1-tert-butoxy-2-propanol, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol, tert-butoxyethanol, 2-octyl-1-dodecanol, decanoic acid, octanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, 2-(diisopropylamino)ethanol mixtures thereof and the like. Examples of amide diluents include N,N-dimethyl propionamide and dimethyl acetamide.

Preferred diluents include 3,7-dimethyl-3-octanol, 1-dodecanol, 1-decanol, 1-octanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 2-hexanol, 2-octanol, 3-methyl-3-pentanol, 2-pentanol, t-amyl alcohol, tert-butanol, 2-butanol, 1-butanol, 2-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-ethyl-1-butanol, ethanol, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol, 2-octyl-1-dodecanol, decanoic acid, octanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, mixtures thereof and the like.

More preferred diluents include 3,7-dimethyl-3-octanol, 1-dodecanol, 1-decanol, 1-octanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 2-hexanol, 2-octanol, 1-dodecanol, 3-methyl-3-pentanol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, t-amyl alcohol, tert-butanol, 2-butanol, 1-butanol, 2-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-ethyl-1-butanol, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol, 2-octyl-1-dodecanol, mixtures thereof and the like. If a diluent is present, generally there are no particular restrictions with respect to the amount of diluent present. When diluent is used, the diluent may be present in an amount in the range of about 2 to about 70 weight percent, including in the range of about 5 to about 50 weight percent, and in the range of about 15 to about 40 weight percent, based on the total weight of the reactive monomer mixtures (including reactive and nonreactive Formulas). Mixtures of diluents may be used.

The reactive monomer mixture for making the ophthalmic lenses of the invention may comprise, in addition to a first polymerization initiator and a second polymerization initiator, any of the polymerizable compounds and optional components described above.

The reactive monomer mixture may comprise: a first polymerization initiator having a first functional moiety chemically linked to it, a second polymerization initiator that is capable of being activated by a second activation that does not substantially activate the first polymerization initiator, and a hydrophilic component.

The reactive monomer mixture may comprise: a first polymerization initiator having a first functional moiety chemically linked to it, a second polymerization initiator that is capable of being activated by a second activation that does not substantially activate the first polymerization initiator, and a hydrophilic component, and a hydrophilic component selected from DMA, NVP, HEMA, VMA, NVA, methacrylic acid, and mixtures thereof. Preferred are mixtures of HEMA and methacrylic acid.

The reactive monomer mixture may comprise: a first polymerization initiator having a first functional moiety chemically linked to it, a second polymerization initiator that is capable of being activated by a second activation that does not substantially activate the first polymerization initiator, and a hydrophilic component, a hydrophilic component, and a silicone-containing component.

The reactive monomer mixture may comprise: a first polymerization initiator having a first functional moiety chemically linked to it, a second polymerization initiator that is capable of being activated by a second activation that does not substantially activate the first polymerization initiator, and a hydrophilic component, a hydrophilic component selected from DMA, HEMA and mixtures thereof; a silicone-containing component selected from 2-hydroxy-3-[3-methyl-3,3-di(trimethylsiloxy)silylpropoxy]-propyl methacrylate (SiMAA), mono-methacryloxypropyl terminated mono-n-butyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane (mPDMS), mono-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropyl)-propyl ether terminated mono-n-butyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane (OH-mPDMS), and mixtures thereof; and a wetting agent (preferably PVP or PVMA). For the hydrophilic component, mixtures of DMA and HEMA are preferred. For the silicone containing component, mixtures of SiMAA and mPDMS are preferred.

The reactive monomer mixture may comprise: a first polymerization initiator having a first functional moiety chemically linked to it, a second polymerization initiator that is capable of being activated by a second activation that does not substantially activate the first polymerization initiator, and a hydrophilic component, a hydrophilic component comprising a mixture of DMA and HEMA; a silicone-containing component comprising a mixture of OH-mPDMS having from 2 to 20 repeat units (preferably a mixture of 4 and 15 repeat units). Preferably, the reactive monomer mixture further comprises a silicone-containing crosslinker, such as ac-PDMS. Also preferably, the reactive monomer mixture contains a wetting agent (preferably DMA, PVP, PVMA or mixtures thereof).

The reactive monomer mixture may comprise: a first polymerization initiator having a first functional moiety chemically linked to it, a second polymerization initiator that is capable of being activated by a second activation that does not substantially activate the first polymerization initiator, and a hydrophilic component; between about 1 and about 15 wt% at least one polyamide (e.g., an acyclic polyamide, a cyclic polyamide, or mixtures thereof); at least one first mono-functional, hydroxyl substituted poly(disubstituted siloxane) having 4 to 8 siloxane repeating units (e.g., OH-mPDMS where n is 4 to 8, preferably n is 4); at least one second hydroxyl substituted poly(disubstituted siloxane) that is a mono-functional hydroxyl substituted poly(disubstituted siloxane)s having 10 to 200 or 10-100 or 10-50 or 10-20 siloxane repeating units (e.g., OH-mPDMS where n is 10 to 200 or 10-100 or 10-50 or 10-20, preferably n is 15); about 5 to about 35 wt% of at least one hydrophilic monomer; and optionally a multifunctional hydroxyl substituted poly(disubstituted siloxane)s having 10 to 200, or 10 to 100 siloxane repeating units (e.g., ac-PDMS). Preferably, the first mono-functional, hydroxyl substituted poly(disubstituted siloxane) and the second hydroxyl substituted poly(disubstituted siloxane) are present in concentrations to provide a ratio of weight percent of the first mono-functional, hydroxyl substituted poly(disubstituted siloxane) to weight percent of the second hydroxyl substituted poly(disubstituted siloxane) of 0.4-1.3, or 0.4-1.0.

The reactive monomer mixture may comprise: a first polymerization initiator having a first functional moiety chemically linked to it, a second polymerization initiator that is capable of being activated by a second activation that does not substantially activate the first polymerization initiator, and a hydrophilic component, a hydrophilic component such as DMA; a silicone-containing component such as compound 8 in Table B ( (TRIS), and a silicone macromer, such as compound 42 in Table C.

The reactive monomer mixture may comprise: a first polymerization initiator having a first functional moiety chemically linked to it, a second polymerization initiator that is capable of being activated by a second activation that does not substantially activate the first polymerization initiator, and a hydrophilic component, a hydrophilic component such as DMA and/or NVP; a silicone-containing component such as compound 14 in Table B ( (TRIS-Am), and a silicone macromer, such as compound 43 in Table C (IEM-PDMS-IPDI-PDMS-IPDI-PDMS-IEM).

The reactive monomer mixture may comprise: a first polymerization initiator having a first functional moiety chemically linked to it, a second polymerization initiator that is capable of being activated by a second activation that does not substantially activate the first polymerization initiator, and a hydrophilic component, a hydrophilic component such as VMA; and a silicone macromer, such as compound 35 in Table C.

The reactive monomer mixture may comprise: a first polymerization initiator having a first functional moiety chemically linked to it, a second polymerization initiator that is capable of being activated by a second activation that does not substantially activate the first polymerization initiator, and a hydrophilic component, a hydrophilic component such as VMA and/or NVP; a silicone-containing component such as compound 28 in Table C(e.g., where j2 is about 16), a silicone macromer, such as compound 35 in Table C.

The reactive monomer mixture may comprise: a first polymerization initiator having a first functional moiety chemically linked to it, a second polymerization initiator that is capable of being activated by a second activation that does not substantially activate the first polymerization initiator, and a hydrophilic component, a hydrophilic component such as VMA and/or NVP; a silicone-containing component such as a compound 18 in Table B (e.g., where j2 is about 4), a silicone macromer, such as a compound 41 in Table C.

The foregoing reactive monomer mixtures may contain optional ingredients such as, but not limited to, internal wetting agents, crosslinkers, other UV or HEV absorbers, and diluents. Moreover, the ophthalmic lenses made from the foregoing reactive monomer mixtures may undergo further treatment including, but not limited to, plasma treatment, application of a coating (such as in-package coatings (IPCs) as described in US8480227), and the like.

The formed lens object can then be removed from the mold halves by mechanical means, solvent swelling, or combinations thereof, and then undergo an extraction process to remove unreacted first polymerization initiator. The extraction process to remove unreacted first polymerization initiator may be complete or incomplete. In some cases, removal of all unreacted first polymerization initiator is not required to create the desired features or optical effects. In other cases, the extraction process removes only a portion of the unreacted first polymerization initiator, enabling an optional irradiation step using a lower concentration of the first polymerization initiator. Or the extraction process can remove substantially all of the unreacted first polymerization initiator. After removing unreacted first polymerization initiator, the standard post-processing steps of lens extraction to remove other reactive monomer components and of lens hydration can be carried out to form the final ophthalmic lens. In some instances, the standard post-processing steps of lens extraction and hydration, using aqueous alcohols, water, and buffers can also extract unreacted first polymerization initiators, thereby combining two or more extraction steps into one operation.

Aqueous solutions are solutions which comprise water. The aqueous solutions of the present invention may comprise at least about 20 weight percent water, or at least about 50 weight percent water, or at least about 70 weight percent water, or at least about 95 weight percent water. Aqueous solutions may also include additional water soluble Formulas such as inorganic salts or release agents, wetting agents, slip agents, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical Formulas, combinations thereof and the like. Release agents are compounds or mixtures of compounds which, when combined with water, decrease the time required to release a contact lens from a mold, as compared to the time required to release such a lens using an aqueous solution that does not comprise the release agent. The aqueous solutions may not require special handling, such as purification, recycling or special disposal procedures.

Extraction may be accomplished, for example, via immersion of the lens in an aqueous solution or exposing the lens to a flow of an aqueous solution. Extraction may also include, for example, one or more of: heating the aqueous solution; stirring the aqueous solution; increasing the level of release aid in the aqueous solution to a level sufficient to cause release of the lens; mechanical or ultrasonic agitation of the lens; and incorporating at least one leaching or extraction aid in the aqueous solution to a level sufficient to facilitate adequate removal of unreacted components from the lens. The foregoing may be conducted in batch or continuous processes, with or without the addition of heat, agitation or both.

Application of physical agitation may be desired to facilitate leach and release. For example, the lens mold part to which a lens is adhered can be vibrated or caused to move back and forth within an aqueous solution. Other methods may include ultrasonic waves through the aqueous solution.

The lenses may be sterilized by known means such as, but not limited to, autoclaving.

As indicated above, preferred ophthalmic lenses are contact lenses, more preferably soft hydrogel contact lenses. Silicone hydrogel ophthalmic lenses (e.g., contact lenses) that may be prepared according to the invention preferably exhibit the following properties. All values are prefaced by “about,” and the lenses may have any combination of the listed properties. The properties may be determined by methods known to those skilled in the art, for instance as described in United States pre-grant publication US20180037690, which is incorporated herein by reference.

-   Water concentration %: at least 20 %, or at least 25 % and up to 80     % or up to 70 % -   Haze: 30 % or less, or 10 % or less -   Advancing dynamic contact angle (Wilhelmy plate method): 100° or     less, or 80° or less; or 50° or less -   Tensile Modulus (psi): 120 or less, or 80 to 120 -   Oxygen permeability (Dk, barrers): at least 80, or at least 100, or     at least 150, or at least 200 -   Elongation to Break: at least 100

For ionic silicon hydrogels, the following properties may also be preferred (in addition to those recited above):

-   Lysozyme uptake (µg/lens): at least 100, or at least 150, or at     least 500, or at least 700 -   Polyquaternium 1 (PQ1) uptake (%): 15 or less, or 10 or less, or 5     or less

Some embodiments of the invention will now be described in detail in the following Examples.

EXAMPLES

The following abbreviations will be used throughout the Examples and Figures and have the following meanings:

-   DMA: N, N-dimethylacrylamide (Jarchem)

-   HEMA: 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (Bimax)

-   PVP K12, K30, or K90: poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (ISP Ashland)

-   TEGDMA: tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate (Esstech)

-   Omnirad 819: bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphineoxide (IGM     Resins)

-   AIBN: azobisisobutyronitrile [CAS 78-67-1]

-   SiMAA: 2-propenoic acid,     2-methyl-2-hydroxy-3-[3-[1,3,3,3-tetramethyl-1-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]disiloxanyl]propoxy]propyl     ester (Toray) or     3-(3-(1,1,1,3,5,5,5-heptamethyltrisiloxan-3-yl)propoxy)-2-hydroxypropyl     methacrylate

-   HO-mPDMS: mono-n-butyl terminated     mono-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropyloxy)-propyl terminated     polydimethylsiloxane (M_(n) = 1400 grams/mole, n=15) (Ortec or     DSM-Polymer Technology Group)

-   

-   Norbloc: 2-(2′-hydroxy-5-methacrylyloxyethylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole     (Janssen)

-   Blue HEMA:     1-amino-4-[3-(4-(2-methacryloyloxy-ethoxy)-6-chlorotriazin-2-ylamino)-4-sulfophenylamino]anthraquinone-2-sulfonic     acid, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,944,853 Borate Buffered     Packing Solution: 18.52 grams (300 mmol) of boric acid, 3.7 grams     (9.7 mmol) of sodium borate decahydrate, and 28 grams (197 mmol) of     sodium sulfate were dissolved in enough deionized water to fill a 2     liter volumetric flask.

-   D3O: 3,7-dimethyl-3-octanol (Vigon)

-   HCl: hydrochloric acid

-   IPA: 2-propanol

-   ACN: acetonitrile

-   THF: tetrahydrofuran

-   PEO: polyethylene oxide

-   DMF: dimethylformamide

-   DCM: dichloromethane

-   PP: polypropylene which is the homopolymer of propylene

-   TT: Tuftec which is a hydrogenated styrene butadiene block copolymer     (Asahi Kasei Chemicals)

-   Z: Zeonor which is a polycycloolefin thermoplastic polymer (Nippon     Zeon Co Ltd)

-   LED: light emitting diode

-   ¹N NMR: proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

-   UV-VIS: ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy

-   TLC: thin layer chromatography

-   ID: inner diameter

-   L: liter(s)

-   mL: milliliter(s)

-   mM: millimolar

-   M: molar

-   Equiv. or eq.: equivalent

-   kg: kilogram(s)

-   g: gram(s)

-   mg: milligram(s)

-   mol: mole

-   mmol: millimole

-   min: minute(s)

-   mm: millimeter(s)

-   cm: centimeter(s)

-   µm: micrometer(s)

-   nm: nanometer(s)

-   mW: milliwatt(s)

-   mJ: millijoule(s)

-   Pa: pascal

-   PSI: pounds per square inch

-   Abs: absorption

-   %T: Percent Transmission

-   MAPO: monoacylphosphine oxide

-   DMD: digital micromirror device

EXAMPLES

Preparation 1 - Synthesis of monoacyl phosphine oxide mono-terminated poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (MAPO-PVP) as shown in Scheme A.

To a 3-neck round bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser, N-vinyl pyrrolidone (20.0 grams), ethanol (41.0 grams) and Omnirad 819 (1.0 gram) were charged under yellow lights, degassed, and heated under nitrogen at 65° C. The reaction mixture was then irradiated using 435 nm LED lights having an intensity of about 1.22 mW/cm² for thirty minutes. The reaction mixture was quenched in air and cooled to room temperature. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, followed by precipitation in cold diethyl ether to afford a white solid upon filtration. The white solid was suspended in diethyl ether (50 mL) and stirred for 30 minutes and re-filtered. The product (“MAPO-PVP”) was then washed with diethyl ether (3 x 50 mL) and air dried to afford a white powder (16.0 grams, 80% yield). The polymer structure was characterized by 500 MHz ¹H-NMR spectroscopy in deuterium oxide; see FIG. 4 . The molecular weight and its distribution were determined by viscosity comparison and size exclusion multiangle light scattering (SEC-MALS) against commercially available samples of PVP K12-K90. It should be noted that the product “MAPO-PVP” is a mixture of monoacyl phosphine oxide terminated PVP and monoacyl terminated PVP as shown in Scheme A. The type of monoacyl groups depends on the type of bisacylphosphine oxide initiator used in the copolymerization; if the initiator has two different acyl groups, then the “MAPO-PVP” is a mixture of two monoacyl phosphine oxide terminated PVPs and two monoacyl terminated PVPs. It is important to protect these materials from ambient light in storage. The MAPO-PVP is an example of the first formula in Table A.

Viscosity measurements were performed at room temperature on an Anton-Paar Rheometer using a CP50-1 cone and plate from a shear rate of 1 sec⁻¹ to 500 sec⁻¹ with a run time of 400 seconds, collecting data every 10 seconds. Measurements were done in duplicate and averaged. The viscosity results are shown in Table 1. The viscosity data indicated that MAPO-PVP exhibited a viscosity slightly greater than that of PVP K30.

TABLE 1 Viscosity Data Sample Viscosity (Pa-sec) PVP K12 0.0011176 PVP K30 0.0012584 PVP K90 0.0034210 MAPO-PVP 0.0014032

Polymer molecular weights were determined by Size Exclusion Chromatography with Multi-Angle Light Scattering (SEC-MALS) relative to molecular weights of commercially available samples of PVP K12 and PVP K30. The SEC-MALS setup employed 20% ACN in deionized water (v/v) (with 50 mM Na₂SO₄) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min at 40° C. and three Tosoh Biosciences TSK-gel columns in series [SuperAW3000 4 µm, 6.0 mm ID x 15 cm (PEO/DMF Exclusion Limit = 60,000 grams/mole), SuperAW4000 6 µm, 6.0 mm ID x 15 cm (PEO/DMF Exclusion Limit = 400,000 grams/mole) and a SuperAW5000 7 µm, 6.0 mm ID x 15 cm (PEO/DMF Exclusion Limit = 4,000,000 grams/mole)] with an online Agilent 1200 UV/VIS diode array detector, a Wyatt Optilab rEX interferometric refractometer, and a Wyatt mini-DAWN Treos multiangle laser scattering (MALS) detector (λ=658 nm). Molecular weights and polydispersity data were calculated using the Wyatt ASTRA 6.1.1.17 SEC/LS software package. In FIG. 5 , the SEC-MALS chromatograms of PVP K12, PVP K30, and MAPO-PVP are shown. Since the chromatograms of PVP K30 and MAPO-PVP were similar, it was inferred that PVP K30 and MAPO-PVP had similar molecular weight distributions.

Preparation 2 - Synthesis of monoacyl phosphine oxide mono-terminated poly(N, N-dimethylacrylamide) (MAPO-PDMA): To a 3-neck round bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser, N, N-dimethylacrylamide (11.0 grams), ethanol (11.0 grams) and Omnirad 819 (400 milligrams) were charged under yellow lights, degassed, and heated under nitrogen at 75° C. The reaction mixture was then irradiated using 435 nm LED lights having an intensity of about 1.22 mW/cm² for twenty minutes. The reaction was then quenched in air and cooled to room temperature followed by precipitation in cold diethyl ether to afford a white solid that was re-dissolved in methanol and precipitated with diethyl ether. This precipitation process was repeated once more to afford a white solid (65% yield). The MAPO-PDMA was characterized by 500 MHz ¹H-NMR spectroscopy in deuterated methanol; see FIG. 6 .

Polymer molecular weights were determined by Size Exclusion Chromatography with Multi-Angle Light Scattering (SEC-MALS). The SEC-MALS setup employed methanol (with 10 mM LiBr) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min at 50° C. and three Tosoh Biosciences TSK-gel columns in series [SuperAW3000 4 µm, 6.0 mm ID x 15 cm (PEO/DMF Exclusion Limit = 60,000 grams/mole), SuperAW4000 6 µm, 6.0 mm ID x 15 cm (PEO/DMF Exclusion Limit = 400,000 grams/mole) and a SuperAW5000 7 µm, 6.0 mm ID x 15 cm (PEO/DMF Exclusion Limit = 4,000,000 grams/mole)] with an online Agilent 1200 UV/VIS diode array detector, a Wyatt Optilab rEX interferometric refractometer, and a Wyatt mini-DAWN Treos multiangle laser scattering (MALS) detector (λ=658 nm). A dn/dc value of 0.183 mL/g at 30° C. (λ=658 nm) was used for absolute molecular weight determination. Absolute molecular weights and polydispersity data were calculated using the Wyatt ASTRA 6.1.1.17 SEC/LS software package. The number average molecular weight was determined to be 56,500 grams/mole; the weight average molecular weight was determined to be 96,100 grams/mole; resulting in a polydispersity index [M_(w)/M_(n]) of 1.6.

Preparation 3 (Prophetic) - Synthesis of monoacyl phosphine oxide mono-terminated poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone-co-N, N-dimethylacrylamide): To a 3-neck round bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser, N-vinyl pyrrolidone (10.0 grams) N, N-dimethylacrylamide (10.0 grams), ethanol (41.0 grams) and Omnirad 819 (1.0 gram) are charged under yellow lights, degassed, and heated under nitrogen at 65° C. The reaction mixture is then irradiated using 435 nm LED lights having an intensity of about 1.22 mW/cm² for thirty minutes. The reaction mixture is quenched in air and cooled to room temperature. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure, followed by precipitation in cold diethyl ether to afford a white solid upon filtration. The white solid is suspended in diethyl ether (50 mL) and stirred for 30 minutes and re-filtered. The product (“MAPO-Poly[NVP-co-DMA]”) is then washed with diethyl ether (3 x 50 mL) and air dried to afford a white powder.

Preparation 4 - Synthesis of Photoinitiator-Dye (“PI-Dyel”) as shown in Scheme B.

Synthesis of 1-(3-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraethylphosphanediamine: 2.5 M n-Butyllithium in hexanes (42.0 mL, 105.0 mmol, 1.05 eq.) was added dropwise to a solution of 1-(benzyloxy)-3-bromobenzene (26.3 grams, 100.0 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in THF (200 mL) at -78° C. After stirring for 2 hours, 1-chloro-N,N,N;N′-tetraethyl-phosphanediamine (22 mL, 105.0 mmol, 1.05 eq.) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture while maintaining the reaction temperature below - 70° C. The reaction was gradually warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and diluted with water (20 mL). The reaction mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure to a volume of 50 mL. The residual material was diluted with methyl tert-butyl ether (350 mL) and water (100 mL). The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with methyl tert-butyl ether (2 x 250 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (2 x 150 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to produce 1-(3-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-N,N,N;N′-tetraethylphosphanediamine (36.0 grams, quantitative yield) as a colorless oil, which was used in the next step without further purification.

Synthesis of (3-(benzyloxy)phenyl)dichlorophosphane: 2.0 M HC1 in diethyl ether (200 mL, 400.0 mmol, 4.0 eq.) was added to a solution of 1-(3-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-N,N,N;N′-tetraethylphosphanediamine (36.0 grams, 100.0 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in anhydrous diethyl ether (400 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was gradually warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. The resulting suspension was filtered through a plug of Celite (80.0 grams) under nitrogen, which was then washed with anhydrous diethyl ether (2 x 100 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and blanketed with nitrogen to give (3-(benzyloxy)phenyl)dichlorophosphane (22.0 grams, 77% yield) as a yellow oil, which was used subsequently without further purification. Note: The anhydrous diethyl ether (250 mL) and NMR solvents were sparged with nitrogen for 15 minutes before using.

Synthesis of ((3-(benzyloxy)phenyl)phosphoryl)bis(mesitylmethanone): 2,4,6-Trimethylbenzoyl chloride (31.0 mL, 185.0 mmol, 2.4 eq.) was added to a suspension of zinc dust (12.1 grams, 185.0 mmol, 2.4 eq.) in anhydrous ethyl acetate (150 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was shielded from ambient light exposure. A solution of (3-(benzyloxy)phenyl)dichlorophosphane (22.0 grams, 77.0 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in anhydrous ethyl acetate (100 mL) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture at room temperature. After stirring at room temperature for 24 hours, the reaction was cooled to 0° C. and sodium bicarbonate (15.6 grams, 185.0 mmol, 2.4 eq.) was added in one portion, followed by the dropwise addition of 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (11.0 mL, 93.0 mmol, 1.2 eq.) over 40 minutes while maintaining the reaction temperature below 5° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour and diluted with water (100 mL). The insoluble material was removed by filtration through a plug of sand (50.0 grams), which was washed with ethyl acetate (300 mL). The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 300 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was re-dissolved in dichloromethane (150 mL), absorbed onto Celite (80 grams) and purified on a Biotage automated chromatography system (2 x 200 gram Biotage silica gel column), each time eluting with a gradient of 0 to 50 % ethyl acetate in heptanes to give ((3-(benzyloxy)phenyl)phosphoryl)bis(mesitylmethanone) (10.3 grams, 25% yield) as a yellow semi-solid. Note: Anhydrous ethyl acetate (250 mL) was sparged with nitrogen for 30 minutes before use.

Synthesis of ((3-Hydroxyphenyl)phosphoryl)bis(mesitylmethanone): A solution of ((3-(benzyloxy)phenyl)phosphoryl)bis(mesitylmethanone) (7.7 grams, 15.0 mmol, 1 eq.) in a mixture of methanol (180 mL) and ethyl acetate (720 mL) was added to a suspension of palladium on carbon (10 wt. % loading, 2.2 grams, 2.1 mmol, 0.15 eq.) in methanol (10 mL). The reaction mixture was hydrogenated at 25 psi in a Parr shaker reactor for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered through a plug of Celite (100 grams), which was washed with ethyl acetate (2 x 500 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and re-dissolved in dichloromethane (150 mL), absorbed onto Celite (80 grams) and purified on a Biotage automated chromatography system (200 gram, Biotage silica gel column and then a 50 grams Biotage high performance silica gel column), each time eluting with a gradient of 10 to 50 % ethyl acetate in heptanes to give ((3-Hydroxyphenyl)phosphoryl)bis(mesitylmethanone): (3.7 grams, 58% yield) as a light yellow solid. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDC1₃): δ 9.01 (br s, 1 H), 7.80 (ddd, J= 1.4, 2.3, 12.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.22 - 7.16 (m, 1 H), 7.15 - 7.09 (m, 1 H), 6.99 - 6.95 (m, 1 H), 6.77 (s, 4 H), 2.24 (s, 6 H), 2.10 (s, 12 H). ³¹P-NMR (162 MHz, CDC1₃): δ 6.82 (s, 1P).

Synthesis of N,N′-(9, 10-dioxo-9, 10-dihydroanthracene-1,4-diyl)bis(3-chloropropanamide): To a cooled solution (0° C., ice bath) of 1,4-diaminoanthracene-9,10-dione (1.2 grams, 5.04 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in 40 mL of toluene, a solution of 3-chloropropionyl chloride (4.8 mL, 50.37 mmol, 10.0 eq.) in toluene (50 mL) and triethylamine (1.55 mL, 11.09 mmol, 2.2 eq.) were added while stirring the solution at room temperature for 15 hours, followed by 1 hour of refluxing (TLC monitored completion of reaction). The solid was removed by filtration and the residue washed with toluene. The filtrate was extracted with 3% aqueous sodium chloride and the organics were concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was precipitated with ethyl acetate - n-hexanes as red solid (98% yield). ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, CDC1₃): δ 12.8 (m, 2 H), 9.2 (m, 2 H), 8.3 (m, 2 H), 7.8 (m, 2 H), 3.9 (t, J= 6.0 Hz, 4 H), 3.0 (t, J= 6.0 Hz, 4 H).

Synthesis of N,N′-(9, 1 0-dioxo-9, 10-dihydroanthracene-1,4-diyl)bis(3-(3-(bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphoryl)phenoxy)propanamide) (“PI-Dyel”): ((3-Hydroxyphenyl)phosphoryl)bis(mesitylmethanone) (0.21 grams, 0.48 mmol, 2.0 eq.) and N,N′-(9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-1,4-diyl)bis(3-chloropropanamide) (0.10 grams, 0.24 mmol, 1.0 eq.) were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (5 mL). Potassium carbonate (0.07 grams, 0.50 mmol, 2.1 eq.) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 6 hours (protected from light exposure, TLC monitored completion of reaction). The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and water (15 mL) added and extracted with dichloromethane (2 x 25 mL), the combined organic extracts were washed with water (1 x 15 mL), brine (1 x 15 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified over silica gel column and eluted with 40% ethyl acetate in n-hexanes to afford N,N′-(9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-1,4-diyl)bis(3-(3-(bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphoryl)phenoxy)propanamide) (“PI-Dyel”) as red semi-solid (25% yield). ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, CDC1₃): δ 12.31 (m, 2 H), 9.21 (m, 2 H), 8.33 (m, 2 H), 7.81 (m, 4 H), 7.20 -7.18 (m, 2 H), 7.14 - 7.01 (m, 2 H), 6.90 - 6.95 (m, 2 H), 6.68 (s, 8 H), 3.8 (t, J= 6.0 Hz, 4 H), 3.0 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 4 H), 2.22 (s, 12 H), 2.10 (s, 24 H). ³¹P-NMR (202 MHz, CDC1₃): δ 7.01(s).

Preparation 5 - Synthesis of Photoinitiator-Dye (“PI-Dye2”) as shown in Scheme B.

Synthesis of 3-((9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-1-yl)amino)propanoic acid: To a stirred solution of 1-aminoanthracene-9,10-dione (22.3 grams, 75.52 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and boric acid (6.2 grams, 100.0 mmol, 1.3 eq.) in 120 mL of 100% sulfuric acid. acrylic acid (15.0 grams, 208.15 mmol, 2.75 eq.) was added gradually while maintaining the temperature between 30° C. and 35° C. The mixture was then stirred at 90° C.- 95° C. for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled, poured into 400 grams of ice thereby precipitating a solid, filtered, washed with water, and dried. The red solid was suspended in dichloromethane (500 mL) and filtered to remove insoluble material. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 3-((9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-1-yl)amino)propanoic acid as red solid (quantitative yield). ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, CDC1₃): δ 12.28 (br s, 1 H), 8.32-7.85 (m, 4 H), 7.45 (m, 1 H), 7.27 (m, 1 H), 7.11 (m, 1 H), 6.79 (br s, 1 H), 3.44 (t, J= 6.2 Hz, 2 H), 2.80 (t, J= 6.2 Hz, 2 H).

Synthesis of 3-(bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphoryl)phenyl 3-((9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-1-yl)amino)propanoate (“PI-Dye2”): ((3-Hydroxyphenyl)phosphoryl)bis(mesitylmethanone) (0.25 grams, 0.58 mmol, 1.0 eq.), 3-((9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-1-yl)amino)propanoic acid (0.21 grams, 0.64 mmol, 1.1 eq.) and N, N-dimethyl aminopyridine (catalytic) were dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) and cooled to 0° C. (ice-bath). M(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-V′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC-HC1, 0.13 grams, 0.67 mmol, 1.15 eq.) was added in one portion and stirred while maintaining the temperature at 0° C., after which the system is stirred at room temperature for 12 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. Upon completion of the reaction, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product was passed through silica gel column eluting with 30-40% ethyl acetate in n-hexanes to afford the title compound (“PI-Dye2”) as red solid (95% yield). ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, CDC1₃): δ 9.91 (br s, 1 H), 8.30-8.24 (m, 2 H), 7.75-7.60 (m, 6 H), 7.45-7.43 (m, 1 H), 7.37- 7.35 (m, 1 H), 7.16-7.14 (m, 1 H), 6.79 (s, 4 H), 3.81 (t, J= 6.0 Hz, 2 H), 3.0 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2 H), 2.25 (s, 6 H), 2.14 (s, 12 H). ³¹P-NMR (202 MHz, CDC1₃): δ 4.79 (s, 1 P).

Ultraviolet-visible spectra of compounds in solution were measured on a Perkin Elmer Lambda 45 or an Agilent Cary 6000i UV-VIS scanning spectrometer. The instrument was thermally equilibrated for at least thirty minutes prior to use. For the Perkin Elmer instrument, the scan range was 200-800 nm; the scan speed was 960 nm per minute; the slit width was 4 nm; the mode was set on transmission or absorbance; and baseline correction was selected. For the Cary instrument, the scan range was 200-800 nm; the scan speed was 600 nm/min; the slit width was 2 nm; the mode was transmission or absorbance; and baseline correction was selected. A baseline correction was performed before samples were analyzed using the autozero function.

Ultraviolet-visible spectra of contact lenses formed in part from the claimed compositions were measured on a Perkin Elmer Lambda 45 UV-VIS or an Agilent Cary 6000i UV-VIS scanning spectrometer using packing solution. The instrument was thermally equilibrated for at least thirty minutes prior to use. For the Perkin Elmer instrument, the scan range was 200-800 nm; the scan speed was 960 nm per minute; the slit width was 4 nm; the mode was set on transmission; and baseline correction was selected. Baseline correction was performed using cuvettes containing plastic two-piece lens holders and the same solvents. These two-piece contact lens holders were designed to hold the sample in the quartz cuvette in the location through which the incident light beam traverses. The reference cuvette also contained a two-piece holder. To ensure that the thickness of the samples is constant, all lenses were made using identical molds. The center thickness of the contact lens was measured using an electronic thickness gauge. Reported center thickness and percent transmission spectra are obtained by averaging three individual lens data.

It is important to ensure that the outside surfaces of the cuvette are completely clean and dry and that no air bubbles are present in the cuvette. Repeatability of the measurement is improved when the reference cuvette and its lens holder remain constant and when all samples use the same sample cuvette and its lens holder, making sure that both cuvettes are properly inserted into the instrument.

The UV-VIS absorption spectra of PI-Dye 1 in 0.2 mM DCM and of PI-Dye2 in 0.2 mM methanol are shown in FIG. 7 .

Preparation 6 - Synthesis of Polymeric Photoinitiator-Dyes (“PolyPI-Dye”) (Prophetic) as shown in Scheme C.

Under yellow lightning or in the dark, a mixture of 2-((9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-1-yl)amino)ethyl methacrylate, 3-(bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphoryl)phenyl methacrylate, and optionally another vinyl monomer (CH₂=CXY) are copolymerized in a solvent using a thermal initiator such as azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). The optional vinyl monomer may be any monomer or macromer and may be used to adjust the solubility of the terpolymer in a reactive monomer mixture and/or to distribute the pendant dye and initiator moieties. Monomers denoted as CH₂=CXY in scheme C may represent any 1,1-disubstituted monomer or macromer. However, CH₂=CXY is preferably a hydrophilic monomer as defined in the specification herein, including but not limited to, (meth)acrylates, styrenes, vinyl ethers, vinyl esters, (meth)acrylamides, N-vinyl lactams, N-vinyl amides, N-vinyl imides, N-vinyl ureas, O-vinyl carbamates, O-vinyl carbonates, and mixtures thereof. The resulting copolymer is then isolated by precipitation, washed, and dried under yellow lighting to reduce exposure to ambient light. The resulting solid is protected from light exposure until use.

Example 1 Optical Path Length Modifications

A reactive monomer mixture was formed comprising the formulation listed in Table 2. The reactive monomer mixture was degassed by applying a vacuum for about 15 minutes. Then, about 100 microliters of reactive monomer mixture were dispensed into a Zeonor base curve mold thereafter a Zeonor front curve mold was placed onto base curve mold. The resulting mold assembly was transferred into the irradiation jig shown in FIG. 3 which was then connected to computer controlled light projector in which a 365 nanometer LED light source having an intensity of 47.5 mW/cm² is directed to distinct volumes within the mold cavity and is modulated by digital light processing chip or digital micromirror device.

TABLE 2 Formulation Component Weight Percent OH-mPDMS (n=15) 22.69% SiMAA 20.50% DMA 19.72% HEMA 5.51% Blue HEMA 0.01% PVP K90 2.24% PVP-MAPO (Preparation 1) 7.85% TEGDMA 1.31% Norbloc 1.46% AIBN 0.25% D3O (diluent) 18.45% Total 100.00%

The computer controlled light projector was programmed to illuminate or irradiate the USAF 1951 Test Target shown in FIG. 8 . The USAF 1951 test chart is a widely known image encompassing a broad array of spatial frequencies and recognizable numerals and therefore is a good reference to objectively measure the overall quality of the imparted image profile. The reactive monomer mixture in the mold cavity was irradiated by the computer controlled light projector using a maximum energy of 700 mJ/cm² and an exposure time of 31.6 seconds to impart the USAF 1951 test chart image profile on a contact lens and then heated to 90° C. for 2 hours and 45 minutes to thermally cure the rest of the reactive monomer mixture into a contact lens. The resulting lens was released using 70% (v/v) aqueous IPA (about one hour of soaking), extracted two times with 70% (v/v) aqueous IPA for thirty minutes, hydrated with deionized water for thirty minutes, and then equilibrated with packing solution. An optical micrograph of the final hydrated lens is shown in FIG. 9 . Note: the exact conditions for the computer-controlled light projector usually need to be optimized based on the composition of the reactive monomer mixture and the project image. This optimization usually involves varying the energy delivered to the reactive monomer mixture in the mold cavity [energy = LED intensity X DMD attenuation X exposure time] and the exposure time. Preferably, the optimization uses the highest intensity possible with the shortest exposure time.

To improve the spatial resolution, the above experiment was repeated with a thermal precuring step at 90° C. for 5, 10, and 15 minutes before the light projector irradiation. The precure step increases the viscosity of the reactive monomer mixture prior to the light projector irradiation, thereby improving image quality by reducing molecular motion. Based on these data, a ten-minute precure step appeared to improve imparted profile image quality and reproducibility.

Example 2 Optical Features

Example 1 is repeated using a ten-minute precure but instead of projecting an image, the computer controlled light projector irradiated a pattern of circular dots wherein individual dots were exposed to different energy levels and thereby created pillars of different optical paths due to the localized change in volume and refractive index after the lens has been demolded, extracted, hydrated, and equilibrated as described in example 1. In this way, a calibration curve was generated by plotting the energy applied (mJ) versus the delta optical path length effect (wavefront measurement in waves after conversion from packing solution to air) versus the wavefront value of an untreated lens of the same design for each pillar location for energy exposures below about 100 mJ, the calibration curve was reasonably linear and deterministic. Such a relationship allows for the creation of optical features in a predictable manner, such as adding spherical power or defocus or cylindrical power to a lens that was made in a mold cavity designed only to exhibit a fixed spherical power. Based on this information, using an exposure time of 3.6 seconds and energy level of 86 mJ/cm², the computer-controlled projector irradiated a spherical power image or a cylindrical power image into the lens cavity. The projected images as well as the two-dimensional depictions of the measured delta wavefronts taken of the fully equilibrated lenses are shown in FIG. 10 . The estimated change in spherical power by adding some defocus was approximately 0.7 diopters, and the estimated addition of cylindrical power was approximately 0.12 diopters.

A calibrated dual interferometric method was used for measuring contact lens parameters in packing solution. These parameters included equivalent sphere power at multiple apertures (diopters or D), cylinder power at multiple apertures (diopters or D), diameter (millimeters or mm), center thickness (millimeters or mm), sagittal height (millimeters or mm), and root mean squared (RMS) optical path wavefront deviation from lens design target in micrometers or microns (µm) and sometimes expressed in waves with sphere/cylinder power and coma removed as measured using a 6.5-millimeter aperture. The instrument consists of a custom, proprietary interferometer for the measurement of wavefront parameters and a Lumetrics OptiGauge® II low-coherence interferometer for the measurement of the dimensional parameters of sagittal height and center thickness. The two individual instruments combined are similar to Lumetrics Clearwave™ Plus, and the software is similar to Lumetrics OptiGauge Control Center v7.0 or higher. With the Clearwave™ Plus, a camera is used to find the lens edge, and then the lens center is calculated, which is then used to align a 1310 nanometer interferometer probe at the lens center for the measurement of sagittal height and center thickness. The transmitted wavefront is also collected in series using a wavefront sensor (shack-Hartmann sensor). Multiple parameters from the transmitted wavefront of the contact lens are measured, and others are calculated from those measurements.

From the data collected, difference terms are calculated by comparing the measured values from the target. These include root mean squared optical path wave front deviation from lens design target in µm (sphere/cylinder power and coma deviation removed) as measured using a 6.5 millimeter aperture (RMS_65), the second equivalent sphere power deviation from lens design target in diopters (D) as measured using a 5 millimeter aperture (PW2EQD), deviation from lens design target diameter in mm (DMD), deviation from lens design target base curve radius as calculated from the measured sagittal height and target lens diameter according to ISO 18369-3 in mm (BCD), and deviation from lens design target center thickness in mm (CTD) . The amount of added spherical or cylindrical power created by the modulated and localized photopolymerization was calculated using such data after subtracting out the designed-in spherical power based on the mold design.

Example 3 Light Absorbing Zones

A reactive monomer mixture was formed comprising the formulation listed in Table 3. The reactive monomer mixture was degassed by applying a vacuum for about 15 minutes. Then, about 100 microliters of reactive monomer mixture were dispensed into a Zeonor base curve mold thereafter a Zeonor front curve mold was placed onto base curve mold. The resulting mold assembly was transferred into the irradiation jig shown in FIG. 3 which was then connected to computer controlled light projector in which 365 nanometer LED light source having an intensity of 47.5 mW/cm² is directed to distinct volumes within the mold cavity and is modulated by digital light processing chip or digital micromirror device.

TABLE 3 Formulation Component Weight Percent OH-mPDMS (n=15) 23.10% SiMAA 22.08% DMA 18.61% HEMA 4.83% PI-Dye 1 2.51% PVP K90 5.22% TEGDMA 1.16% AIBN 0.25% D3O (diluent) 22.24% Total 100.00%

The computer controlled light projector was programmed to illuminate or irradiate the apodised or pupil-only lens images shown in FIG. 11 . The reactive monomer mixture in the mold cavity was irradiated by the computer controlled light projector using a maximum energy of 6000 mJ/cm² to create apodised or pupil-only images and then heated to 90° C. for 2 hours and 45 minutes to thermal cure the rest of the reactive monomer mixture into a contact lens. The resulting lens was released using 70% (v/v) aqueous IPA (about one hour of soaking), extracted two times with 70% (v/v) aqueous IPA for thirty minutes, hydrated with deionized water for thirty minutes, and then equilibrated with packing solution. Optical micrographs of the final hydrated lenses are also shown in FIG. 11 . Although very faint, images appear to be replicated onto the contact lens. However, the level of light absorption is low.

Example 4

Example 3 was repeated except that PI-Dye2 replaced PI-Dye 1 in the reactive monomer mixture, and the project image was changed to the calibration segments image shown in FIG. 12 . Contact lenses were made using different energy levels and exposure times, namely, 230 mJ/cm² (3.6 sec), 461 mJ/cm² (7.2 sec), 1150 mJ/cm² (18.0 sec), and 2300 mJ/cm² (36 sec). Optical micrographs of these contact lenses are also shown in FIG. 12 . By comparing these micrographs, it appears that using an energy level of 1150 mJ/cm² with an exposure time of 18 seconds is sufficient for making images with PI-Dye2.

Example 5

Example 4 was repeated using the 9.5-millimeter diameter apodised image, the 9.0-millimeter diameter pupil-only image, and the Jack O’lantern images shown in FIG. 13 . The corresponding contact lenses were made using an energy level of 1150 mJ/cm² and exposure time of 18 seconds. The LED light source was operating at 63 mW/cm². Optical micrographs of these contact lenses are also shown in FIG. 13 . It appears that the images were replicated accurately under these conditions using the reactive monomer mixture containing PI-Dye2. 

1. A method for forming an ophthalmic lens, the method comprising: (a) providing a mold assembly comprised of a base curve and a front curve, the base curve and the front curve defining and enclosing a cavity therebetween, the cavity containing a reactive monomer mixture, wherein the reactive monomer mixture comprises a monomer suitable for making the ophthalmic lens, a first polymerization initiator that is capable of being activated at a first wavelength, a first functional moiety chemically linked to the first polymerization initiator, and a second polymerization initiator that is capable of being activated by a second activation that does not substantially activate the first polymerization initiator, wherein at least one of the base curve or front curve is light transmissive; (b) exposing one or more selective regions of the reactive monomer mixture to a source of actinic radiation at the first wavelength to thereby selectively polymerize a portion of the reactive monomer mixture, wherein the selectively polymerized portion incorporates the first functional moiety; (c) exposing the reactive monomer mixture to the second activation to activate the second polymerization initiator and cure the reactive monomer mixture; (d) removing the ophthalmic lens from the mold assembly; and (e) extracting unreacted first polymerization initiator from the ophthalmic lens.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the reactive monomer mixture contains a second functional moiety chemically linked to the second polymerization initiator.
 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising: prior to step (b), exposing the reactive monomer mixture to the second activation to partially activate the second polymerization initiator and partially cure the reactive monomer mixture.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the second polymerization initiator is a thermal initiator.
 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the thermal initiator is azobisisobutyronitrile.
 6. The method of claim 4 wherein the thermal initiator is initiated at a temperature from 60° C. to 100° C.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the source of actinic radiation in step (b) includes a plurality of selectively controllable beams of actinic radiation and the exposure is conducted according to a predetermined script to cause selective polymerization of the reactive monomer mixture in a predetermined pattern within the cavity of the mold assembly.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the plurality of beams of actinic radiation in step (b) are selectively controlled by a digital micro-mirror device according to a predetermined script.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the digital micro-mirror device includes an illumination source containing at least one light emitting diode.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the first wavelength includes one or more wavelengths in the range of 380 to 450 nm.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the first functional moiety is selected from a refractive index moiety, a light absorbing moiety, and a combination thereof.
 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the refractive index moiety is a polyamide.
 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the polyamide comprises polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinylmethyacetamide (PVMA), polydimethylacrylamide (PDMA), polyvinylacetamide (PNVA), poly(hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylamide), polyacrylamide, a copolymer of two or more thereof, or a combination of two or more thereof.
 14. The method of claim 11 wherein the light absorbing moiety absorbs ultraviolet light, visible light, or combinations thereof.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the light absorbing moiety comprises a static dye, a photochromic dye, a thermochromic dye, a leuco dye, or a combination of two or more thereof.
 16. The method of claim 1 wherein the first polymerization initiator is a copolymer having pendant monoacylphosphine oxide groups, bisacylphosphine oxide groups, or combinations thereof.
 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the copolymer further comprises refractive index moieties, light absorbing moieties, or combinations thereof.
 18. The method of claim 1 wherein the first polymerization initiator having a first functional moiety chemically linked thereto is selected from:

where n is an integer ranging from 10 to 4000 and T is a chain terminating group ,

where n is an integer ranging from 10 to 4000, and T is a chain terminating group,

where x and y are independently integers ranging from 10 to 4000, and T is a chain terminating group,

where m is an integer ranging from 10 to 3000, n is an integer ranging from 1 to 100, and T is independently a chain terminating group,

where m is an integer ranging from 10 to 3000, and T is a chain terminating group,

wherein a is an integer ranging from 1 to 100, b is an integer ranging from 1 to 100, c is an integer ranging from 1 to 250, T is independently a chain terminating group or an initiator fragment, and Q is derived from a hydrophilic monomer, such as N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, N-vinyl-N-methylacetamide, N-vinyl acetamide; and combinations of two or more thereof.
 19. The method of claim 1 wherein step (d) is achieved by mechanically releasing the ophthalmic lens from the mold assembly.
 20. The method of claim 1 wherein step (d) includes a solvent swelling of the ophthalmic lens.
 21. The method of claim 1 wherein the step (e) extracts a portion of the unreacted first polymerization initiator.
 22. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of lens extraction to remove other components of the reactive monomer mixture and of lens hydration following the extraction step (e) to remove unreacted first polymerization initiator.
 23. The method of claim 1 wherein the ophthalmic lens is a hard contact lens, a soft contact lens, a hybrid contact lens, a rigid gas permeable contact lens, or an intraocular lens.
 24. A reactive monomer mixture for making an ophthalmic lens, the reactive monomer mixture comprising: a monomer suitable for making the ophthalmic lens; a first polymerization initiator capable of being activated at a first wavelength; a first functional moiety chemically linked to the first polymerization initiator; and a second polymerization initiator that is capable of being activated by a second activation that does not substantially activate the first polymerization initiator.
 25. The mixture of claim 24 further comprising a second functional moiety chemically linked to the second polymerization initiator.
 26. The mixture of claim 24 wherein the first wavelength is equal to or less than 435 nanometers.
 27. The mixture of claim 24 wherein the second polymerization initiator is a thermal initiator.
 28. The mixture of claim 27 wherein the thermal initiator is azobisisobutyronitrile.
 29. The mixture of claim 24 wherein the first functional moiety is selected from a refractive index moiety, a light absorbing moiety, and a combination thereof.
 30. The mixture of claim 29 wherein the refractive index moiety is a polyamide.
 31. The mixture of claim 30 wherein the polyamide comprises polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinylmethyacetamide (PVMA), polydimethylacrylamide (PDMA), polyvinylacetamide (PNVA), poly(hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylamide), polyacrylamide, a copolymer of two or more thereof, or a combination of two or more thereof.
 32. The mixture of claim 29 wherein the light absorbing moiety absorbs ultraviolet light, visible light, or combinations thereof.
 33. The mixture of claim 32 wherein the light absorbing moiety comprises a static dye, a photochromic dye, a thermochromic dye, a leuco dye, or a combination of two or more thereof.
 34. The mixture of claim 24 wherein the first polymerization initiator is a copolymer having pendant monoacylphosphine oxide groups, bisacylphosphine oxide groups, or combinations thereof.
 35. The mixture of claim 34 wherein the copolymer further comprises refractive index moieties, light absorbing moieties, or combinations thereof.
 36. The mixture of claim 24 wherein the first polymerization initiator having a first functional moiety chemically linked thereto is selected from:

where n is an integer ranging from 10 to 4000 and T is a chain terminating group ,

where n is an integer ranging from 10 to 4000, and T is a chain terminating group,

where x and y are independently integers ranging from 10 to 4000, and T is a chain terminating group,

where m is an integer ranging from 10 to 3000, n is an integer ranging from 1 to 100, and T is independently a chain terminating group,

where m is an integer ranging from 10 to 3000, and T is a chain terminating group,

wherein a is an integer ranging from 1 to 100, b is an integer ranging from 1 to 100, c is an integer ranging from 1 to 250, T is independently a chain terminating group or an initiator fragment, and Q is derived from a hydrophilic monomer, such as N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, N-vinyl-N-methylacetamide, N-vinyl acetamide; and combinations of two or more thereof. 